1、2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配1第三章機率分配第三章機率分配n3.1機率分配概論n3.2離散隨機變數之機率分配n3.3連續隨機變數之機率分配n3.4機率表n3.5計算隨機變數的期望值與變異數n3.6動差與動差母函數2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配23.1機率分配概論機率分配概論 n機率分配(機率分配(probability distribution)n期望值(期望值(expectation value),變異數(),變異數(variance)n共變數(共變數(covariance)n、E()、V()、cov()的操作的操作 2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配3機率分配(機率分配(prob
2、ability distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配4期望值(期望值(expectation value),變異數(),變異數(variance)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配5共變數(共變數(covariance)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配6、E()、V()、cov()的操作的操作2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配72009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配82009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配92009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配103.2離散隨機變數之機率分配離散隨機變數之機率分配n討論機率分配應注意事項:討論機率分配應注意事項:(1)有哪些參數,參數的意義為何(
3、2)隨機變數的意義為何(3)分配的機率函數(機率密度函數)為何(4)隨機變數的期望值、變異數為何 n我們將介紹我們將介紹7個離散機率分配:個離散機率分配:(1)白努力分配(2)二項分配(3)超幾何分配(4)卜瓦松分配(5)多項分配(6)負二項分配(7)幾何分配(參考頁參考頁3)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配11(1)白努力分配(白努力分配(Bernoulli distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配12(2)二項分配(二項分配(binomial distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配13二項分配與白努力分配的關係二項分配與白努力分配的關係2009
4、陳欣得統計學03機率分配142009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配15(3)超幾何分配(超幾何分配(hyper-geometric distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配16超幾何分配與二項分配的關係超幾何分配與二項分配的關係2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配17超幾何分配與二項分配的關係超幾何分配與二項分配的關係(2)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配182009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配19(4)卜瓦松分配(卜瓦松分配(Poisson distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配20卜瓦松分配與二項分配的關係卜瓦松分配與二項分配的關係2009 陳欣得統計學
5、03機率分配212009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配222009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配23(5)多項分配(多項分配(multinomial distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配24(6)負二項分配(負二項分配(negative binomial distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配25(7)幾何分配(幾何分配(geometric distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配262009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配27離散分配間之關係離散分配間之關係2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配283.3連續隨機變數之機率分配連續隨機變數之機率
6、分配n機率函數與機率密度函數機率函數與機率密度函數n我們將介紹我們將介紹3個連續機率分配:個連續機率分配:(1)均等分配(2)指數分配(3)常態分配 2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配29機率密度函數(機率密度函數(probability density function)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配30(1)均等分配(均等分配(uniform distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配312009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配32(2)指數分配(指數分配(exponential distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配33指數分配的另一種表示法指數分配
7、的另一種表示法2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配34指數分配與卜瓦松分配的關係指數分配與卜瓦松分配的關係2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配352009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配36(3)常態分配(常態分配(normal distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配37標準常態分配(標準常態分配(normal distribution)2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配38有關常標準分配的幾個重要數值有關常標準分配的幾個重要數值2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配392009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配40常態分配是二項分配的極限分配常態分配是二項分配的極限分配91089.59.59
8、10PxPxPx連續分配離散分配離散分配91089.59.5109PxPxPx連續分配離散分配離散分配2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配412009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配423.4機率表機率表n兩種方法計算隨機變數的機率:兩種方法計算隨機變數的機率:(1)直接由機率函數計算(2)查機率表 n查機率表注意事項:查機率表注意事項:(1)機率表的內容可能是機率,也可能是臨界值。(2)內容是機率時,表索引為臨界值;而內容是臨界值時,表索引為機率。(3)必須看清楚機率的形式是左尾或右尾(離散變數時也可能是區間)。2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配43四種形式的機率四種形式的機率baP xa左尾:ba
9、P xb右尾:baP axb區間:baP xaxb雙尾:或2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配44二項分配與卜瓦松機率表二項分配與卜瓦松機率表 二項分配左尾左尾機率表n=100.050.10.150.20.2500.59870.34870.19690.10740.056310.91390.73610.54430.37580.244020.98850.92980.82020.67780.525630.99900.98720.95000.87910.775940.99990.99840.99010.96720.921951.00000.99990.99860.99360.980361.00001.0
10、0000.99990.99910.996571.00001.00001.00000.99990.999681.00001.00001.00001.00001.000091.00001.00001.00001.00001.0000101.00001.00001.00001.00001.000011121314x p 卜瓦松項分配左尾左尾機率表x0.150.222.5300.86070.81870.13530.08210.049810.98980.98250.40600.28730.199120.99950.99890.67670.54380.423231.00000.99990.85710.75
11、760.647241.00001.00000.94730.89120.815351.00001.00000.98340.95800.916161.00001.00000.99550.98580.966571.00001.00000.99890.99580.988181.00001.00000.99980.99890.996291.00001.00001.00000.99970.9989101.00001.00001.00000.99990.9997111.00001.00001.00001.00000.9999121.00001.00001.00001.00001.0000131.00001.
12、00001.00001.00001.0000141.00001.00001.00001.00001.00002009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配45 二項分配左尾左尾機率表n=100.050.10.150.20.2500.59870.34870.19690.10740.056310.91390.73610.54430.37580.244020.98850.92980.82020.67780.525630.99900.98720.95000.87910.775940.99990.99840.99010.96720.921951.00000.99990.99860.99360.980361.0000
13、1.00000.99990.99910.996571.00001.00001.00000.99990.999681.00001.00001.00001.00001.000091.00001.00001.00001.00001.0000101.00001.00001.00001.00001.000011121314x p2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配46 卜瓦松項分配左尾左尾機率表x0.150.222.5300.86070.81870.13530.08210.049810.98980.98250.40600.28730.199120.99950.99890.67670.54380.42323
14、1.00000.99990.85710.75760.647241.00001.00000.94730.89120.815351.00001.00000.98340.95800.916161.00001.00000.99550.98580.966571.00001.00000.99890.99580.988181.00001.00000.99980.99890.996291.00001.00001.00000.99970.9989101.00001.00001.00000.99990.9997111.00001.00001.00001.00000.9999121.00001.00001.0000
15、1.00001.0000131.00001.00001.00001.00001.0000141.00001.00001.00001.00001.00002009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配47標準常態機率表標準常態機率表 z 分配左尾左尾機率表z0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.00.00000.00400.00800.01200.01600.01990.02390.02790.03190.03590.10.03980.04380.04780.05170.05570.05960.06360.06750.07140.07530.20.07930.0
16、8320.08710.09100.09480.09870.10260.10640.11030.11410.30.11790.12170.12550.12930.13310.13680.14060.14430.14800.15170.40.15540.15910.16280.16640.17000.17360.17720.18080.18440.18790.50.19150.19500.19850.20190.20540.20880.21230.21570.21900.22240.60.22570.22910.23240.23570.23890.24220.24540.24860.25170.2
17、5490.70.25800.26110.26420.26730.27040.27340.27640.27940.28230.28520.80.28810.29100.29390.29670.29950.30230.30510.30780.31060.31330.90.31590.31860.32120.32380.32640.32890.33150.33400.33650.3389 z 分配左尾左尾機率表z0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.00.50000.50400.50800.51200.51600.51990.52390.52790.53
18、190.53590.10.53980.54380.54780.55170.55570.55960.56360.56750.57140.57530.20.57930.58320.58710.59100.59480.59870.60260.60640.61030.61410.30.61790.62170.62550.62930.63310.63680.64060.64430.64800.65170.40.65540.65910.66280.66640.67000.67360.67720.68080.68440.68790.50.69150.69500.69850.70190.70540.70880
19、.71230.71570.71900.72240.60.72570.72910.73240.73570.73890.74220.74540.74860.75170.75490.70.75800.76110.76420.76730.77040.77340.77640.77940.78230.78520.80.78810.79100.79390.79670.79950.80230.80510.80780.81060.81330.90.81590.81860.82120.82380.82640.82890.83150.83400.83650.83892009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配482009 陳
20、欣得統計學03機率分配49 z 分配左尾左尾機率表z0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.00.00000.00400.00800.01200.01600.01990.02390.02790.03190.03590.10.03980.04380.04780.05170.05570.05960.06360.06750.07140.07530.20.07930.08320.08710.09100.09480.09870.10260.10640.11030.11410.30.11790.12170.12550.12930.13310.13680.1406
21、0.14430.14800.15170.40.15540.15910.16280.16640.17000.17360.17720.18080.18440.18790.50.19150.19500.19850.20190.20540.20880.21230.21570.21900.22240.60.22570.22910.23240.23570.23890.24220.24540.24860.25170.25490.70.25800.26110.26420.26730.27040.27340.27640.27940.28230.28520.80.28810.29100.29390.29670.2
22、9950.30230.30510.30780.31060.31330.90.31590.31860.32120.32380.32640.32890.33150.33400.33650.33891.00.34130.34380.34610.34850.35080.35310.35540.35770.35990.36211.10.36430.36650.36860.37080.37290.37490.37700.37900.38100.38301.20.38490.38690.38880.39070.39250.39440.39620.39800.39970.40151.30.40320.4049
23、0.40660.40820.40990.41150.41310.41470.41620.41771.40.41920.42070.42220.42360.42510.42650.42790.42920.43060.43191.50.43320.43450.43570.43700.43820.43940.44060.44180.44290.44411.60.44520.44630.44740.44840.44950.45050.45150.45250.45350.45451.70.45540.45640.45730.45820.45910.45990.46080.46160.46250.4633
24、1.80.46410.46490.46560.46640.46710.46780.46860.46930.46990.47061.90.47130.47190.47260.47320.47380.47440.47500.47560.47610.47672.00.47720.47780.47830.47880.47930.47980.48030.48080.48120.48172.10.48210.48260.48300.48340.48380.48420.48460.48500.48540.48572.20.48610.48640.48680.48710.48750.48780.48810.4
25、8840.48870.48902.30.48930.48960.48980.49010.49040.49060.49090.49110.49130.49162.40.49180.49200.49220.49250.49270.49290.49310.49320.49340.49362.50.49380.49400.49410.49430.49450.49460.49480.49490.49510.49522.60.49530.49550.49560.49570.49590.49600.49610.49620.49630.49642.70.49650.49660.49670.49680.4969
26、0.49700.49710.49720.49730.49742.80.49740.49750.49760.49770.49770.49780.49790.49790.49800.49812.90.49810.49820.49820.49830.49840.49840.49850.49850.49860.49862009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配502009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配512009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配523.5計算隨機變數的期望值與變異數計算隨機變數的期望值與變異數2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配533.6動差與動差母函數動差與動差母函數2009 陳欣得統計學03機率分配54結束結束03機率分配機率分配