1、尿石症攀枝花市中心医院泌尿外科王 岭UROLITHIASIS大纲要求1.了解泌尿系结石形成的原理,病因及常见的结石成分2.了解尿石症引起的病理生理改变3.掌握泌尿系各器官结石的主要症掌握泌尿系各器官结石的主要症状、诊断、治疗原则和预防状、诊断、治疗原则和预防1、流行病学因素(Epidemiologic factor)发病率(发病率(Incidence):2-3%性别(性别(Gender):男多于女,3:1年龄(年龄(Age):高发年龄25-40岁种族种族(Race/Ethnicity):地理和气候地理和气候(Geography and climate):职业(职业(Occupation):饮食
2、和营养(饮食和营养(Food and nutrition):水分摄入(水分摄入(Fluid Intake):疾病疾病(Disease):代谢性疾病(Metabolic Abnormality)概述概述Overview2 2、尿液改变、尿液改变(Alteration of urine)u成石(stone formation)物质增加u尿pH改变:pH 升高,磷酸镁铵、磷酸盐沉淀 pH 降低,尿酸和胱氨酸结晶u尿量减少(hypourocrinia concentration)u抑制结石形成的成分(solution product)减少u尿路感染(urinary tract infection)概述
3、概述Overview3、解剖结构的异常(Abnormal of anatomic structure)概述概述 Overview肾乳头钙化caruncula papillariscalcif of 结石核心兰德尔(氏)肾钙斑(Randalls plaques)解剖结构的异常(Abnormal of anatomic structure)憩室(diverticulum)狭窄(stricture)梗阻(obstruction)髓质海绵肾(medullary sponge kidney)尿路畸形(anomaly)尿路感染(urinary tract infection)成石加速。尿路疾病(disea
4、ses of urinary tract):尿液滞留尿液滞留(urine stagnation)u 最常见泌尿外科疾病。上尿路结石增多,原发于膀胱的结石明显减少。90%的尿路结石不再开放手术治疗。概述概述Overviewu 草酸盐(carbonite)为主的结石成因不明。结石的成因:i.盐过饱和结晶;ii.抑制石成分少减;iii.尿路的通畅程度和粘膜表面性质改变。u磷酸盐结石(phosphatic calculus)感染和梗阻u尿酸结石(uric acid calculus)尿酸代谢异常u胱氨酸结石(cystine calculus)家族遗传性结石成因结石成因概述结石成分及特性 成分:多种盐类
5、混合形成 草酸钙(Cal.Oxalate):硬,粗糙,不规则,棕褐色 Radiopaque概述结石成分及特性u磷酸钙(Cal.Phosphate):脆,粗糙,不规则,灰白色 Radiopaque概述结石成分及特性尿酸(Uric Acid):硬,光滑,类圆,黄色。Radioparent概述结石成分及特性胱氨酸结石u胱氨酸(Cystine):光滑,淡黄色,蜡样外观。RadioparentOverview:Pathophysiological Change of Calculus 损伤(损伤(Injuries):hematuria,Infection,stricture 感染(感染(Infectio
6、n):pelvis,renal parenchyma,perinephric infection 梗阻(梗阻(Obstruction):hydronephrosis renal insufficiency 肿瘤肿瘤(Neoplasma):Squamous cell Car.结石在形成过程中可导致以下问题:结石在形成过程中可导致以下问题:上尿路结石上尿路结石Upper Urinary Tract Calculus(Renal-Ureteral Stone)临床表现临床表现 Clinical Presentations1.疼痛疼痛(Pain)1)肾绞痛()肾绞痛(Renal colic)2)腰部钝
7、痛)腰部钝痛(Flank dull pain)2.血尿:肉眼血尿血尿:肉眼血尿(gross hematuria)镜下血尿镜下血尿(microscopic hematuria)上尿路结石临床表现Clinical Presentations Clinical Presentations 3.感染:膀胱刺激症(irritative symptoms of bladder:frequency,urgency,dysuria)4.肾功能衰竭(renal failure):见于双侧尿路结石引起梗阻(Due to obstruction of bilateralis of urinary tract cal
8、culus)诊断诊断(Diagnosis)1、病史体检、病史体检(History and Examination)血尿(blood urine):疼痛(pain):vague pain/colic pain体检(examination):sensitive to percussionrenal region,pain of the tenderness point of ureter鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)胆囊炎/结石Cholecystitis/Gall stone 阑尾炎Appendicitis 卵巢囊肿蒂扭转Torsion of ovarian cyst 异
9、位妊娠Ectopic pregnancy 卵泡黄体破裂 盆腔炎(pelvic inflammation)2、化验室检查、化验室检查肉眼血尿(gross hematuria)镜下血尿(microscope hematuria)感染性结石(Infection Stones):白细胞增多(leukocytosis)或脓尿(pyuria)尿培养(urine culture)阳性(positive)代谢性疾病(Metabolic disease):测定血和尿的钙(calcium)、磷(phosphonium)、尿酸(uric acid)、草酸(oxalic acid)诊断诊断(Diagnosis)3、影
10、像学检查、影像学检查(Imageology examination)(1)B超检查适应症(indication of ultrasonic inspection):诊断诊断(Diagnosis)确诊结石的主要手段 Major means of final diagnosisRadioparent calculusSupersensitivity of contrast agentPregnant womanRenal inadequacyGuide to PCN诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(2)X线检查首选检查(i)尿路平片)尿路平片(Kidney ureter bladder,KUB):首
11、选(first choice)检查,95%可确诊,初步定位(ii)静脉性尿路造影)静脉性尿路造影(Intravenous pyelography,IVU),定位,形态,梗阻,肾功能,确定阴性结石,治疗方案选择诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(iii)逆行造影()逆行造影(retrograde pyelography)B超和IVU不能达到定位目的或结石以下尿路情况不明时。X线引导的经皮肾穿刺诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(4)CT检查适应症适应症(Indication):非首选,主要鉴别充盈缺损(filling defect)(阴性结石、肿瘤、血块)是否属于结石。了解有无肾脏畸形,复杂结石的空间位
12、置关系,3D重建(3-D reconstitution),确定经皮肾通道诊断诊断(Diagnosis)上尿路结石诊断(5)放射性核素肾显像)放射性核素肾显像(radioactive nuclide renal imaging)评价治疗前后的肾功能,作分肾功能测定 4 4、内腔镜内腔镜(Endoscope):Cystoscopy/Ureteroscopy平片未显示结石,但IVU或逆行造影有充盈缺损,其他检查不能明确者上尿路结石治疗 依据结石性质、位置、大小和泌尿系统形态学差异采取个体化治疗(individualized treatment)。方法:保守治疗(conservation manage
13、ment)体外冲击波碎石(Extracoroporeal shock wave lithotripsy)腔内碎石取石(Intracavitary lithotripsy and lithotomy)开放手术治疗(Open surgical therapy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)1、保守治疗(Conservative Therapy)结石大小将决定能否排石治疗。0.4cm,光滑,成功率:90%。结石小于结石小于0.6cm,排石,排石治疗治疗 (1)肾绞痛的治疗:)肾绞痛的治疗:度冷丁(dolantin),阿托品(atropine),654-,黄体酮(luteohormone),吲哚美辛
14、(indomethacin)等 下段结石可试用a-R阻滞剂(a-receptor block agent)(盐酸坦索罗辛)(2)大量饮水()大量饮水(hydroposia),中药排石中药排石(removing urinary calculus using Chinese medicine)(3)控制感染控制感染排石(removing urinary calculus)治疗方法:治疗(治疗(Treatment)病因治疗病因治疗(Etiological treatment)甲旁亢(hyperparathyroidism):切除腺瘤(excision adenoma)尿路畸形(urinary tra
15、ct anomaly):矫正畸形(correction of the defect),取出结石(removal calculus)尿路梗阻(urinary obstruction):解除梗阻,取出结石(removal the obstruction and the calculus)治疗(治疗(Treatment)药物治疗(drug treatment)尿酸结石:碱化尿液(alkalify urine)(枸橼酸钾,重碳酸钠)、减少尿酸形成、饮食调整胱氨酸结石:碱化尿液、a-巯丙酰甘氨酸/乙酰半胱氨酸、卡托普利治疗(治疗(Treatment)感染性结石:口服氯化铵(take orally amm
16、onium chloride)一般性预防:大量饮水,饮食调整(减少含磷食物,限制磷吸收氢氧化铝凝胶)原理(Principle):冲击波液电效应2、体外冲击波碎石(Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL)治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL适应症(Indication of ESWL):肾输尿管上段2.0cm(2009版指南)的结石,排除了排石和结石碎片分散的不利因素ESWL禁忌症(Contraindication of ESWL):结石远端(distal end)梗阻,妊娠,出血倾向(hemorrhagic te
17、ndency),严重心血管疾病,戴起搏器,尿路感染,血肌酐高于265mol/L,育龄(reproductive life)妇女下段输尿管结石。体重过大,肾脏位置过高,畸形,结石不能定位治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL中要考虑的问题:结石性质(胱氨酸结石草酸结石)过渡肥胖者(hyperadiposity)结石是否嵌顿(incarceration)结石是否已导致患侧肾功能明显受损者治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL并发症血尿haematuria绞痛colic pain发热fever心律紊乱cardiac dysrhythmia“石街”形成stone street formting皮肤
18、损伤skin destruction肾实质损害renal parenchyma injuries肾周血肿perirenal hematoma远期并发症long-term complication治疗(治疗(Treatment)2000 shocks at 24 kV by a Dornier HM3 lithotripter,examined 4 hours SWL with 1200 shocks at 22 kV 3、腔内治疗(intracavitary therapy)(1)经皮肾镜碎石取石(percutaneous nephrostolithotomy,PCNL)治疗(治疗(Treat
19、ment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)X线引导的经皮肾穿刺(percutaneous nephrostolithotomy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)输尿管镜(兼作肾镜)和取石钳筋膜扩张器(fascial dilators)和薄皮鞘(Peel-sheat)气压弹道碎石机钬激光碎石机监视系统治疗(治疗(Treatment)气压弹道碎石钬激光碎石治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗前治疗后?PCNLESWLPCNL经皮肾镜碎石取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)大于等于2.0cm的肾盂结石,肾下盏结石,尤其是结石远端梗阻、ESWL失败(质硬,残留)
20、、代谢性疾病所致结石以及L3水平以上的输尿管结石。治疗(治疗(Treatment)适应症(indication of PCNL)经皮肾镜碎石取石术禁忌症(Counterindication of PCNL)上尿路结石治疗疑血功能障碍(coagulation disorders)、造影剂过敏(hypersusceptibility to contrast agent)、过度肥胖(hyperadiposity)经皮肾镜碎石取石术并发症(Complication of PCNL)Laceration of renal parenchymaPerforation of pelvisHaemorrhag
21、Peakage of urineArterio-venous fistulaInjuries of periphery organ3、腔内治疗(2)输尿管镜取石碎石(Ureteroscopic lithotripsy and lithotomy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)中下段输尿管结石(stone in midst and inferior segment of ureter),ESWL失败者,阴性结石(radioparent calculus),“石街”(stone street)治疗输尿管镜碎石取石禁忌症(Contraindication of UR
22、L)Extenuation specially of ureterUreter stenosisUreter distortion severelyHyperadiposityHemorrhagic tendency治疗(治疗(Treatment)输尿管镜碎石取石的适应症(Indication of URL)并发症(Complicatons of URL)Infection(retrograde infection)Trauma of ureter(false passage,perforate,laceration,even disrupt),Ureter strictureUreter o
23、bliterated Bladder-ureter reflux治疗(治疗(Treatment)(3)腹腔镜输尿管取石(laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,LUL)经腹腔(transperitonaeum)或经腹膜后(retroperitonaeum)腹腔镜取石适于治疗大于2cm的结石;ESWL或镜检取石失败者。治疗(治疗(Treatment)腹腔镜输尿管取石适应症(腹腔镜输尿管取石适应症(Indication of LUL)禁忌证(禁忌证(Contraindication of LUL)腹膜后广泛粘连,过度肥胖,结石过小5、开放手术(Open orperation)治
24、疗(治疗(Treatment)pelviolithotomyextrarenal pelvispelvis (2)肾实质切开取石术(nephrolithotomy)方法:a.肾实质段间切开取石b.前后段间线切开取石术c.由皮质变薄处切开取石术治疗(治疗(Treatment)适应症:肾盏结石,肾巨大鹿角形结石不宜不能行PCNL者。(3)肾部分切除术(heminephrectomy)适应症(Indication):结石在肾脏一极,实质萎缩或肾盏明显扩张有明显复发因素者。治疗(治疗(Treatment)(4)肾切除术(nephrectomy)适应症(Indication):结石已导致肾功能结构严重破
25、坏对侧肾脏功能良好者适应症(Indication):结石嵌顿久或其他方法无效(5)输尿管切开取石术(ureterolithotomy)双侧双侧上尿路结石治疗原则原则1.双肾结石:先做病变轻侧,功能好侧,结石少侧2.双肾结石:两肾功能均差:尽量保护肾功能,先做容易侧,手术影响小一侧3.一肾一输:先输后肾4.双侧输尿管结石:病情允许可同时取,否则先取梗阻严重一侧治疗(治疗(Treatment)上尿路结石的预防 (Prevention)Drink sufficient water to keep the urine volume about 2-3L/day.Eat natural fiber ce
26、real.Limit their intake of oxalate-rich foods.Do not add salt at the table.To avoid indulgence no more than 3 glasses of milk/day,also benefit the general health overall,by reducing the risk or hypertension,heart disease,and colon disease.下尿路结石Lower Urinary Tract Calculus(Vesical-Urethral Stone)膀胱结石
27、(膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus)原发性(primary)膀胱结石:见于营养不良小儿,现已 罕见。继发性(secondary)膀胱结石:见于膀胱出口梗阻,膀胱憩室,膀胱异物,肾结石排到膀胱等。临床表现(临床表现(Clinical Presentation):典型症状排尿突然中断伴疼痛,并放射,排尿困难,膀胱刺激症状(结石和感染引起)膀胱结石(膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus)诊断诊断(Diagnosis):X线检查-KUB,B超(同时检查)BPH,膀胱镜检查(同时治疗)治疗(治疗(treatment):膀胱镜同时碎石:液电,超声波,激光,气压弹道大力碎石钳;耻骨上膀胱切开取石术 Clinical features:排尿困难(dysuresia)伴疼痛 急性尿潴留(urinary retention)Diagnosis:前尿道结石可触及 后尿道结石B超和X线检查 Treatment:前尿道结石行直接取石 后尿道结石先送回膀胱再治疗尿道结石 Urethral Calculus