1、2021/7/261(最新整理)化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一2021/7/262有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)n 俗名法trivial names(popular names)n国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryNomenclature of Organic Compounds2021/7/263有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)nCCS命名法-中文系统命名法CCS-Chinese
2、 Chemical Society,CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.2021/7/264n不含官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compoundsn1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）n2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）n官能团化合物 Functional compounds有机化合物的命名2021/7/2651烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）nAlkane 烷烃，链烷nAlkene 烯烃，链烯nAlkyne 炔烃2021/7/266烷烃命名nAlkane十二十二十一十一十十九九Nu
3、mberNumberocta-octa-八八hepta-hepta-七七hexa-hexa-六六penta-penta-五五PrefixPrefixNumberNumbertetra-tetra-四四tri-tri-三三di-di-二二mono-mono-一一PrefixPrefixNumberNumberdodeca-dodeca-undeca-undeca-deca-deca-nona-nona-PrefixPrefix希腊前缀prefix十三十三tridecatrideca十七十七heptadecaheptadeca十四十四tetradecatetradeca十八十八octadecaoc
4、tadeca十五十五pentadecapentadeca十九十九nonadecanonadeca十六十六hexadecahexadeca二十二十icosaicosa2021/7/267链烷烃命名(The names of linear alkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecane C2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8PropaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12PentaneC12H2
5、6DodecaneC19H40nonadecane C6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNames of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20)后缀Suffix-ane 2021/7/268烯烃的命名（Alkene）n-ene（Suffix）nIUPAC names：Ethene propene butenenTrivial name:ethylene propylene butylenen如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置give position of C=
6、C2021/7/269烯烃的命名（Alkene）C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadecene C2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36heptadeceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nonadecene C6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16HepteneC14H30TetradeceneNames of continuou
7、s-chain alkenes(C1-C20)2021/7/2610炔烃的命名（Alkyne）n-yne（Suffix）nIUPAC names：Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne nTrivial name:acetylene n如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置give position of CC2021/7/2611直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名n烷基alkyl-alkanen Rule:omit the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methyl no
8、nadecyl icosyl2021/7/2612直链烃基取代基的命名n烯基alkenyl-alkenenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl 乙烯基）1-propenyl(丙烯基)ntrivial names:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基)2021/7/2613直链烃基取代基的命名n炔基alkynyl alkynenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一
9、个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）n苯基 benzene=phene phenyl（苯基）-benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）2021/7/2614n如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-n如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-nbi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）烃基取代基的命名2021/7/2615支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nRule i.C
10、hoose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body.n规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.2021/7/2616支链烃的命名C-C-C-C-C-CCCC-C-C-C-C-C-CC CCCCC3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptaneRule ii.Give the lowest position numbers for substituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。202
11、1/7/2617支链烃的命名C-C-C-C-CCCCC-C-C-C-CCCC2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentaneC-C-C-C-C-CCC C2,3,5-trimethylhexane2021/7/2618nRuleiii.Give the first listed substituent a lower position number;the sum of the position numbers for all sbustituents should be as low as possible.n规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代
12、基位置的数字总和尽可能小。支链烃的命名2021/7/2619支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nThe names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds.nExcept the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec-,tert-are not involved in alphabetical listing.2021/7/2620支链
13、烃的命名C-C-C-C-C-CClClCl 2,3,5-trichlorohexanenot 2,4,5-trichlorohexaneC-C-(CH2)4-C-C-C-CC CC 2,7,8-trimethyldecanenot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane 2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane 2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane2021/7/2621烃基取代基的命名n如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示n-normal(正）iso-
14、isomeric(异）tert-tertiary(叔）CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3n-pentaneCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2n-pentyl isopentane C CCCC isopentyl CCCCC tert-butylCCC C2021/7/2622烃基取代基的命名nneo-neos(新),nsec-secondary(仲）neopentaneneo-()新CCCCCCCCCCneopentylsec-()仲 sec-butyl C-C-C-C2021/7/2623烃基取代基的命名nsec-（仲）,tert-（叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl,tert-butyl nis
15、o-（异）,neo-（新）既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基 的命名。isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane2021/7/2624烃基取代基的命名nExercises:2-methylpentane5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane2021/
16、7/26253-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）2021/7/26264-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne2021/7/262
17、72单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名n命名规则：环烷烃 cyclo+alkane cyclo+alkyl 环烯烃 cyclo+alkene cyclo+alkenyl 环炔烃 cyclo+alkyne cyclo+alkynyl cyclohexane cyclohexene2021/7/2628monocyclic compounds cyclo+the name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted:chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentaneC
18、lCH32021/7/2629ClCH31-chloro-3-methylcyclohexane1-甲基-3-氯环己烷OHCl3-chlorocyclopentanolcyclopentylcyclohexaneOH3-cyclohexylcyclopentanolmultisubstituted:Give the functional group the lowestposition number.The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.2021/7/2630cyclopent
19、ylcyclohexanetrans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexaneHC2H5CH3H5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane环烷烃2021/7/2631环烯烃1,3 cyclohexadiene1,5-cyclooctadiene3,5-dimethylcyclohexeneH3CCH3CH3CH3C2H5H3C3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支链取代基的命名2021/7/2632xyleneo,m,p-benzenetoluene芳香化合物Arometic compoundsCH3H3CCH3邻位-ortho 间
20、位-meta 对位-para2021/7/2633mesityleneCHCH2styrene2021/7/2634单取代苯 Monosubstituted benzenesnitrobenzeneC2H5ethylbenzeneClchlorobenzeneNO22021/7/2635anilineCNcyanobenzeneOHphenolNH22021/7/2636一些重要的取代基Other important substituentsOHORSHRSNH2Ohydroxy-alkoxy-(C1-C4 methoxy,ethoxy,Propoxy,butoxy;C5 pentyloxy
21、decyl oxy)phenoxymercapto(巯基）Alkylthioamino2021/7/2637CHOCNNO2NOOCOH3CformylcyanonitronitrosylacetyloxoCORAlkanoyl(acyl，hexanoyl）2021/7/2638C1-C5酰基（acyl）俗名:formyl,acetyl,propionyl,butyryl valerylCObenzoylCH3-C-CH2-COOHO3-oxobutyric acid2021/7/2639HOOCbenzoic acidOHSCH2CH3o-(ethylthio)phenol2021/7/26
22、40多取代的芳香化合物 Multisubstituented aromatic compoundsp-acetylbenzoic acido-hydroxybenzoic acidm-sec-butyl（仲丁基）chlorobenzeneHOOCOCH3HOOCHOCl2021/7/2641p-bromomethoxybenzene3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexenep-ethyltolueneBrOCH3C2H5H3CC2H52021/7/2642m-methylanilineo-cyanophenolNH2CH3OHCN2021/7/2643perfluorobenzeneCH3CH3o-xyleneFFFFFFCOOHCOOHphthalic acid2021/7/2644
