1、Programmer-AnalystCanadian Centre for Swine Improvement(CCSI)加拿大猪育种改良中心软件分析师加拿大猪育种改良中心软件分析师lCreated in 1994 by the Canadian pork industry to provide leadership,coordination and services for swine genetic improvementl1994年由加拿大养猪业创立,以便为猪遗传改良提供指导,合作等服务。lIts member organizations are the regional swine i
2、mprovement centres in Western Canada,Ontario,Qubec and Atlantic Canada,the Canadian Pork Council,the Canadian Meat Council,and the Canadian Swine Breeders Association.l它的成员组织主要是一些区域性的猪改良中心,包括西部加拿大,安大略,魁北克,大西洋区,加拿大猪肉协会,加拿大肉类协会及加拿大种猪协会lServices to Canada and international clients 为加拿大和海外客户服务 Genetic e
3、valuations 遗传改良 Database and Internet 数据库和网络工具 Research and development 研究和发展 Training 训练课程 Consulting 咨询顾问l30 years of historical data 三十年的数据三十年的数据lDetailed performance records on 4 million purebred pigs 有四百万头猪的详细有四百万头猪的详细记录记录lWeb-based tools for different purposes,e.g.data transfer,EBV report,sele
4、ction decision,mating planning etc.有基于网络的为不同目的服务的工具有基于网络的为不同目的服务的工具,如数据如数据传输传输,EBV报告报告,选择决策选择决策,配种计划等配种计划等Atlantic Swine Centre 大西洋区猪中心大西洋区猪中心Canadian Meat CouncilCCSI魁北克猪改良中心魁北克猪改良中心加拿大肉类协会 加拿大 种猪协会 HERDS畜群畜群 AI CENTRES NUCLEUS SOWS 核心母猪核心母猪 Western Swine Testing Association西部猪测试协会西部猪测试协会 (WSTA)Ont
5、ario Swine Improvement Inc.渥太华猪改良公司渥太华猪改良公司 (OSI)Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement加拿大猪改良中心加拿大猪改良中心 (CCSI)Centre de dveloppement du porc du Qubec魁北克猪改良中心魁北克猪改良中心 (CDPQ)Yorkshire大白Landrarce 长白猪 Duroc 杜洛克猪 Lacombe拉康母PietrainTai ZumuHampshireThe Canadian Swine Improvement Program 加拿大猪改良计划加拿大猪改良计划Atl
6、antic Swine Centre (ASC)大西洋猪大西洋猪中心中心RetailProcessingProductionMultiplicationBreeding核心群繁育群生产群加工零售YorkshireLandraceDurocboarsF1 sowsMarket Hogs商品猪大白长白猪杜洛克公猪lIdentify the best animals for breeding,by using all information available(data and pedigree)l通过所有可获得的信息去鉴定最优良的通过所有可获得的信息去鉴定最优良的牲畜用于育种(资料和系谱)牲畜用于
7、育种(资料和系谱)Data Recording数据记录Selection of best pigs on EBVs通过育种值选择最好的猪只Breeding育种Genetic Evaluation 遗传力评估Genetic evaluations 遗传评估遗传评估Four step to generate EBVs 产生预计育种值的产生预计育种值的几几个步骤个步骤1.Data Collection 数据采集数据采集2.Data Entry 数据输入数据输入3.Data adjustment 数据调整数据调整 4.Computer Program Execution 运行计算机程序运行计算机程序l
8、Best Linear Unbiased Prediction(BLUP)for genetic evaluation(the national genetic evaluation program for swine)用最佳线性无偏预测用最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)进行遗传评估进行遗传评估lData from about Entire country herds in across-herd evaluations 有来自有来自全国全国的纯种猪的纯种猪场的杂交群的评估数据场的杂交群的评估数据lDatabase,UNIX Computer System 数据库,数据库,UNIX 计算机系统计算
9、机系统lInternet support 互联网支持互联网支持BLUP Genetic Evaluation BLUP 遗传评估遗传评估 BLUP=Best Linear Unbiased Prediction 最佳线性无偏预测最佳线性无偏预测 Statistical method used for genetic evaluation of all identified animals.用于对所有个用于对所有个体进行遗传评估的统计方法体进行遗传评估的统计方法 Optimal use of all pedigree and all available performance measureme
10、nts.优化应用所有系优化应用所有系谱及可获得的测量性能谱及可获得的测量性能 Result=Estimated Breeding Values(EBVs)and Indices 结果结果=预计育种值系数预计育种值系数lRoutine evaluations:日常评估日常评估 Age to market 上市日龄上市日龄 Backfat thickness at market wt.上市体重的背膘厚上市体重的背膘厚 Lean yield 瘦肉量瘦肉量 Loin eye area 眼肌面积眼肌面积 Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度眼肌深度 Feed conversion 料肉比料肉比
11、Litter size 窝产仔数窝产仔数lSire Line:breed used in the makeup of the sires of market hogs(ex:Duroc)selected on traits such as growth,carcass,feed efficiency,etc.用来构成市场公猪的品种用来构成市场公猪的品种(例如:杜洛克例如:杜洛克)。对选定的性状如生长,胴对选定的性状如生长,胴体,饲料效率等体,饲料效率等 lDam Line:breed used in the makeup of the commercial sows which are the
12、 dams of market hogs(ex:Landrace,Yorkshire)selected sow productivity,growth,feed efficiency,etc.用来构成母猪的品种用来构成母猪的品种(例如大白和长白例如大白和长白)lCrossbreeding systems use heterosis and complementarity between sire and dam lines l杂交体系在父系线和母系线间用了杂种优势和互补性杂交体系在父系线和母系线间用了杂种优势和互补性 YorkshireLandraceDurocboarsF1 sowsMark
13、et Hogs商品猪约克夏长白猪杜洛克公猪SLI=Sire Line Index,combines EBVs for:父系指数父系指数Days to 100 kg 到达到达100kg的天数的天数Loin eye area 眼肌面积眼肌面积Feed conversion 饲料转化率饲料转化率Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度眼肌深度DLI=Dam Line Index,combines EBVs for:母系指数母系指数Days to 100 kg 到达到达100kg的天数的天数Loin eye area 眼肌面积眼肌面积Feed conversion 饲料转化率饲料转化率Loin M
14、uscle depth 眼肌深度眼肌深度Total Born 总的出生头数总的出生头数Used to select sire lines(Duroc,Lacombe,Pietrain)Used to select dam lines(Landrace,Yorkshire)Sire Line Index父系指数Age 到达100kg的天数LEA 眼肌面积FCR 饲料转化率LD 眼肌深度Dam Line Index 母系指数Age 到达100kg的天数LEA 眼肌面积FCR 饲料转化率LD 眼肌深度Total Born 窝产子数lHeritability=proportion of the var
15、iation of a trait due to geneticslExamples Backfat thickness at market wt.上市体重的背膘上市体重的背膘 0.52 Loin eye area 眼肌面积眼肌面积0.47 Lean yield 瘦肉量瘦肉量0.40 Age to market 上市日龄上市日龄0.30 Feed conversion 料肉比料肉比0.30 Loin Muscle depth眼肌深眼肌深度度0.25 Litter size 窝产仔数窝产仔数0.11到达到达100kg的天数的天数About-30 days in the last 30 years
16、在过去三十年内降了三十天 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克About-7 mm fat in the last 30 years在过去三十年内降了七毫米 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克lMeasured by ultrasound on live pigs用超声波测量生猪用超声波测量生猪 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克lLean yield is used for carcass grading at the slaughterhousel瘦肉量瘦肉量用于在屠宰场用于在屠宰场 胴体分
17、级胴体分级 lPrediction of the proportion of lean meat in pig carcassl预测瘦肉的比例预测瘦肉的比例 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克lCarcass measurement or predicted from ultrasound measurements胴体测定或由超声波测定来预测胴体测定或由超声波测定来预测 lMeasure of loin eye surface(expressed in cm2)at 3/4th last rib眼肌的表面(以平方厘米表示)测量在眼肌的表面(以平方厘米表示)测量
18、在3/4th最后肋骨最后肋骨 Loin eye area Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克lIndicator of feed efficiencyIndicator of feed efficiency饲料效率指标饲料效率指标 lHow many kg of feed to produce one kg of How many kg of feed to produce one kg of porkpork 多少公斤的饲料生产一公斤猪肉多少公斤的饲料生产一公斤猪肉 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 长白 杜洛克产仔数产仔数lTotal
19、 piglets born per litter 每窝仔猪出生总数每窝仔猪出生总数 lIncludes live born+stillborn包括活猪包括活猪+胎死腹中胎死腹中 lExcludes mummified不包括木乃伊不包括木乃伊 Genetic trends产仔数产仔数分娩年份分娩年份lSow Productivity:Piglet survival 仔猪存活率仔猪存活率 Number of piglets weaned 断奶仔猪数断奶仔猪数 Age at first farrowing 第一胎日龄第一胎日龄 Farrowing interval 怀孕间隔怀孕间隔 Litter w
20、eight at weaning 断奶窝重断奶窝重 Birth Weight variability 出生窝重变异出生窝重变异lBased on the proportion of piglets still alive Based on the proportion of piglets still alive 24h after birth24h after birthl基于仔猪出生后基于仔猪出生后2424小时仍然活着的比例小时仍然活着的比例lIt is important to have large litters at birth,It is important to have lar
21、ge litters at birth,but also that piglets survive till weaningbut also that piglets survive till weaning大的大的窝窝产仔数很重要lThe first day of life is criticalThe first day of life is critical出生的第一天是关键出生的第一天是关键 lNumber of piglets weaned by the sow lDepends on litter size at birth,piglet survival and maternal
22、 abilities要看要看窝窝产仔数,仔猪仔猪成活率,及母猪的能力成活率,及母猪的能力lTransfers have a large impact转让有很大的影响转让有很大的影响 Genetic Evaluations遗传评估遗传评估Meat quality 肉质肉质 Colour 肉色肉色 Marbling 大理石纹大理石纹 pH(24)最终酸碱度最终酸碱度 Drip loss 滴水损失滴水损失 Intramuscular Fat measured on live pigs by ultrasound肌间脂肪肌间脂肪Measured on carcasslNew technology us
23、ing ultrasound scanning and image analysis利用超声波扫描和图像分析的新技术利用超声波扫描和图像分析的新技术 lCan be done using an Aloka or Aquila machine and a specific image analysis softwarelSince 2009,Canadian technicians can be accredited for IMF measurementsGenetic EvaluationsConformation 体型体型 Feet and legs 肢蹄结实度肢蹄结实度 Toes 脚趾脚
24、趾 Number of teats 奶头数奶头数 Locomotion 运动力运动力What should I look for when I select a boar?当选择一头公猪的时候,我应该注意些什么?当选择一头公猪的时候,我应该注意些什么?For example,例如例如Boar A :Age EBV=-5.3 days,Lean Yield EBV=+2.2%Boar B:Age EBV=-11.8 days,Lean Yield EBV=+0.5%公猪公猪A:年龄评估育种值年龄评估育种值=-5.3 天,瘦肉率评估育种值天,瘦肉率评估育种值=+2.2%公猪公猪B:年龄评估育种值年
25、龄评估育种值=-11.8 天,瘦肉率评估育种值天,瘦肉率评估育种值=+0.5%Both of these boars have a sire line index of 148.However,Boar A will improve lean yield more while Boar B will reduce age to 100 kg more.Depending on how lean your herd already is,and depending on the demand from your customers,you can select one or the other.
26、这两头猪都有相同的父方的指数这两头猪都有相同的父方的指数148。然而,公猪。然而,公猪A 将会提高瘦肉率,公猪将会提高瘦肉率,公猪B会降低达到会降低达到100kg体重的天数。基于你现在品系的瘦肉率水平以及客户的要体重的天数。基于你现在品系的瘦肉率水平以及客户的要求,你会做出选择。求,你会做出选择。EBVs and DNA tests lSelection on EBVs(performances and pedigrees)very efficient in the last decades在过去几十年来用育种值来做选择仍然是非常育种值来做选择仍然是非常有效lNew programs incl
27、uding performances,pedigree and DNA tests,even more efficient,but also more expensive(for now)DNA检测更检测更准确,但过于昂贵lAn inbred animal is born from two related animals(example:brother and sister,sire and daughter,cousins,etc.)近交系动物,是一个由两个相关的动物出生近交系动物,是一个由两个相关的动物出生 lInbreeding has negative effects on diver
28、sity and performances近亲繁殖在很多方面及性能表现有负面影响近亲繁殖在很多方面及性能表现有负面影响 lInbreeding can increase the frequency of genetic defects近交可增加遗传缺陷频率近交可增加遗传缺陷频率lTool that can be used to check the IC of two animals that will be used in mating可以用来检查两个要交配猪的近交系数可以用来检查两个要交配猪的近交系数On Farm EBVs and National EBVs 和全国的和全国的lOn Far
29、m EBVs can be computed anytime,as soon as probe records are entered猪场内的育种值可随时计算猪场内的育种值可随时计算lOn Farm EBVs=good tool for within-herd ranking猪场内的育种值可用来在猪场内给猪排序猪场内的育种值可用来在猪场内给猪排序lNational EBVs:computed bi-weekly,can be used across farms全国的育种值每两周发表一次,用来在全国范围内给猪排序育种值每两周发表一次,用来在全国范围内给猪排序lGood correlation b
30、etween On Farm and National EBVs两种育种值有很好的相关性两种育种值有很好的相关性This boar is 9.8 days faster growing and 1.1 mm leaner than the average Duroc boar tested in Canada through the Canadian Swine Improvement Program(CSIP)SLI 父系线指数:父系线指数:149ptsDays to 100 kg 上市年龄上市年龄Loin eye area 眼肌面积眼肌面积Feed conversion料肉比料肉比Lean Yield 瘦肉量瘦肉量AGE 上市年龄上市年龄:-9.8 天天FAT 背膘厚背膘厚:-1.1毫米毫米lLarge and efficient program大型和高效率的计划lAvailable on line可随时在上 查到结果lBased on strong information technology and genetic improvement methodology基于很好的信息技术和遗传改良方法基于很好的信息技术和遗传改良方法lAdaptable to users needs适应用户的需求