1、语法串讲语法串讲动词的时态与语态动词的时态与语态表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。一般体一般体进行体进行体完成体完成体完成进行体完成进行体过去过去was,were,did,v-ed was/were doing had donehad been doing 现在现在am,is,are,do,does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing将来将来 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have done will/shall have been doing 过去过去将来将来 wo
2、uld/should do would/should be doing would/should have done would/should have been doing 一般体 一般体表示单纯事件或一般动作、抽象事物的发生。一般时态有四种：过去过去was,were,did,v-ed 现在现在am,is,are,do,does 将来将来 will/shall do 过去将来过去将来 would/should do 1.一般过去时：表示过去某时间内发生的动作一般过去时：表示过去某时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，或过去经常性的动作。或存在的状态，或过去经常性的动作。1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作
3、。Mary gave birth to a girl last month.How did you like their performance?2)表示过去习惯性的动作。一般句中带有频度的时间状语或含有频度意义的词汇，还可借助助动词used to或would表示。When he was at college,he wrote home once a week.We used to do much reading in the evenings,but now we dont.3)过去时在虚拟条件从句中表示与现在事实相反，或表示将来动作或状态的主观设想。If I were deaf,I wou
4、ldnt hear them quarrel.It is time we began our class.4)用hope,want,wonder等动词提出请求时，可以表示婉转口气.I hoped you could send me the book.2.一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态1)可以用来表示客观事实；China has the largest population in the world.The sun rises in the east.Shanghai lies in the east of China.Columbus
5、proved that the earth _ round.注意：在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。2）经常或习惯性的动作、能力，常和时间状语always,usually,sometimes,often等词连用。I never drive in winter.He always goes to work by car.3)表示格言警句：Pride goes before a fall.骄兵必败 4)可表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间状语，但限于少数动词如 begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,cl
6、ose 等。He goes to school every day.The delegation arrives in Beijng this afternoon5)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.6）一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。比较:I am doing my homework now.Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.虽然now是进行时
7、的标志，但表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，用一般现在时。2.一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态一般现在时表将来1）以下动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来，指时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus start?It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.Ther
8、e goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件状语从句中。When we graduate,well go wherever we are needed most.If it rains tomorrow,well put off our sports meet.When Bill comes,ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。I hope they have a nic
9、e time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.2.一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态一般现在时：通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态1)will/shall do 主观意愿 I will raise the question at the meeting.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.2)be going to d
10、o 即将发生 或 计划进行。Its going to rain this afternoon.There is going to be a football match this afternoon.3)be to do-表示按计划、安排将要发生的事。常见于报纸、广播，宣布官方的计划决定。There is to be an investigation.The Premier is to visit Japan next year.-表示命令、禁止、可能等。You are to hand in the exercise tomorrow.The books in this room are no
11、t to be taken outside.3.一般将来时：一般将来时：泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况4)be about to do“即将”，用以强调将来事态的发生已经临近。不能与具体的将来时间状语连用。The plane is about to take off.The press conference is about to start.I was about to leave my office when the phone rang.I am about to leave here at 12 at noon.(wrong)5)be do
12、ing(现在进行时表将来）动作趋向的词：leave,arrive,begin,start,go,comeHes leaving for London tomorrow.3.一般将来时：一般将来时：泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况3.一般将来时：一般将来时：泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况用法口诀：将来动作或状态，常带状语表未来。倾向、推测、常做事，计划、约定及安排。She will come to see you tomorrow.Flowers will die without water.(倾向性)I
13、think she will be all right now.(推测性)She will come and work in this factory each day.How are you going to spend your weekend?(计划)4.一般过去将来时：从过去某一时间开始，表示一般过去将来时：从过去某一时间开始，表示将要发生，或可能要发生的动作或存在的状态。将要发生，或可能要发生的动作或存在的状态。1)用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。He said that he was going to try again.2)表示过去习惯性的动作，不论什么人称都用“would”。
14、Every evening he would go out for a walk with his grandfather.每天晚上他都和爷爷出去散步。Anna would have a look at the baby every few minutes for her peace of mind.进行体进行体进行体表示动作的进行过程，它强调动作的未完成。过去过去was/were doing 现在现在am/is/are doing 将来将来 will/shall be doing 过去将来过去将来 would/should be doing 1.现在进行时现在进行时 1）表示正在进行的动作，
15、可与today,now,this year等连用 A man is standing by the window.He is a novelist.He is writing a historical novel now.2)一般现在时用于说明事实；而现在进行时表示说话人的思想活动，带有感情色彩(如厌烦、不满、赞赏等)。这时，现在进行时往往与always,continually,constantly,forever等表示“经常”的状语连用。The boy always comes late.The boy is always coming late.3)现在进行时表将来搭配动词：come,ar
16、rive,wear,work,begin,see,go等。Im seeing the doctor today.The train is arriving.4)状态感觉动词，如:love,like,expect,know,hate,want等不表示延续性动作，一般不用进行时态，若用该时态，表示动作接近完成或词义已发生转换。He is expecting(=waiting for)his girlfriend.他在等他的女朋友。2.过去进行时：过去进行时：表示过去某个时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作表示过去某个时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作 1)通过上下文或过去某一特定的时间表示过去某时正在进行的动作。T
17、his time last year I was living in Shenyang.2)用于对故事情节背景的描述 It was a dark night and a strong wind was blowing.3)一般过去时表示完成的动作；过去进行时表示动作正在进行，。They became quite grown-up.他们已长大成人。They were becoming quite grown-up now.他们正在长大成人。4）一般过去时表示事实；过去进行时表示感情色彩 (常与always,constantly,continually，forever等状语连用)He came l
18、ate for school.He was always coming late for school.3.将来进行时：表示将来某个或某段时间内正在将来进行时：表示将来某个或某段时间内正在进行的动作，由进行的动作，由will/shall be+现在分词构成。现在分词构成。1)表示将来时间的动作 Ill be taking my holidays with my wife soon.The apple trees will be bearing fruit this autumn.2)表示离现在较近的将来时间内，一定会发生的事情、或有计划、预计、势必发生的事情。Come on.Well be h
19、aving a class-meeting in a minute.4.过去将来进行时过去将来进行时 表示从过去某时看将来某一时间正在发生或预计要发生的动作，与过去时间状语连用，有时状语也可以省略。I didnt expect that you would all be waiting here.我没有想到你们会都在这儿等着。完成体 表示动作或状态完成或未完成的情况。过去过去had done现在现在have/has done 将来将来 will/shall have done 过去将来过去将来 would/should have done 1.现在完成时现在完成时 1）指动作或状态从过去某时开
20、始继续到现在，可能继续下去（未完成）；指过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响（已完成）。常与表示不定时间的状语already,yet,ever,never,just,recently连用。I have decided against seeing him again.He has just come back.I have worked here since I graduated.He has lived in the city for about twenty years.2）“已完成”用法与瞬间动作的动词连用时，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。他已回来三周了 He has come back f
21、or three weeks.He came back three weeks ago.He has been back for three weeks.3）until/till now,up to now/the present,so far,in(during)the past(last,recent)few(several,two)months(days)等与现在完成时连用表示动作的持续。Up to now,I have finished two-thirds of the work.We have seen each other three times in the past thre
22、e weeks.1.现在完成时现在完成时5）“This is(it is)the first(second,)time that ”句型中，常用现在完成时。“It was the second()time that ”句型中，用过去完成时。This is the second time that I have seen the film.That was the third time that I had visited the place.6)一般过去时表示确定的过去时间，而现在完成时表示不确定的过去时间，因此两人对话时，常常先用现在完成时，进而引出表示确定时间的一般过去时。A:Have y
23、ou ever read Lei Fengs Diary?B:Yes,I read it in 1985.2.过去完成时：表示过去某时或某动作之前过去完成时：表示过去某时或某动作之前已经完成的动作或情况。已经完成的动作或情况。1）“已完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前刚刚完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束。I had just got home when it rained.The plane had already taken off when we arrived at the airport.2）“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已开始，一直延续到这一过去时
24、间，且仍有继续下去的可能性。By the end of last year,he had taught for thirty years.She said she had made much progress since she came here.3）表示一个动作先于另一个过去动作。The child realized that he had lost his way.4）一般过去时是指单纯的过去，只表示过去某个具体时间的动作或状态；过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，说明一个动作或状态在某个过去时间或者另一个用一般过去时表示的过去动作或状态之前发生。We learned 100 new word
25、s last term.By the end of last term,we had learned 100 new words.3.将来完成时：将来完成时：“will/shall+have+过去分词过去分词”。1)表示将来某时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，常和by或by the time等结构连用，Ill have arrived there by noon.I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.2)表示到将来某时刻为止动作的持续时，也可用将来完成时。Ill have lived in the c
26、ity for twenty years by next month.Ill have done the work for three months by Friday.4.过去将来完成时过去将来完成时:“would+have+过去分词过去分词”表示过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，往往会对过去的将来某一时间产生影响。He said he would have done with my camera by the end of next month.他说到下月底就不用我的相机了。That would have been rather difficult.那大概是相当不容易吧。（would是情态动
27、词）完成进行体 完成体与进行体的结合，用于现在/过去/将来时间。过去过去had been doing 现在现在have/has been doing将来将来 will/shall have been doing 过去将来过去将来 would/should have been doing X1.现在完成进行时：现在完成进行时：“have/has been+现在分词现在分词”指一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时还在继续或刚刚结束。常与表示一段时间的状语for two years,these few weeks,since early morning等连用。I have been teachi
28、ng English for twenty years.She has just been waving goodbye to me.2.过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去另一时间，那时这个动作可能刚完成，也可能正在进行。The teacher asked what he had been talking about.When I came back,she told me she had beencooking supper.3.将来完成进行时将来完成进行时:“will/shall have been+现在分词现在分词”表示动作、行为一直持续到将来某一时间，并
29、可能继续进行.By next summer,the couple will have been teaching in this school for 30 years.I shall have been reading for two hours by the time you come back.-ic versus-ical historic battle historic meeting between two great leaders 有重大历史意义的 economic policy/price经济的合算的 more economical节俭的-uneconomical electric blanket/chair/clock/fire/generator/shock可发电或电力操作产生 electrical engineer/fault 与电间接关联
