1、IELTS writing TASK2Oct,2013雅思作文概述雅思作文概述o Task 2 要求考生在要求考生在40分钟内写作一篇分钟内写作一篇不少于不少于250字的议论文。字的议论文。A类和类和G类在类在Task 2方面非常相似。考生可能需要方面非常相似。考生可能需要1.对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见，对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见，2.或者讨论针锋相对的一组观点，或者讨论针锋相对的一组观点，3.或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。解决办法。雅思作文概述o 雅思评分按雅思评分按9分制。基本上，移民或读语言分制。基本上，移民或读语言学校起码要学
2、校起码要5分（分（Modest User）。留学）。留学需要需要6分（分（Competent User）以上。如）以上。如果读的是法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生果读的是法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生的话，写作最好达到的话，写作最好达到7分（分（Good User）。）。但考生最后写作成绩并不是但考生最后写作成绩并不是Task 1和和Task 2的简单平均，而是以的简单平均，而是以Task 2为主。为主。雅思作文概述雅思作文概述o 雅思写作的评分标准不象四六级或托福采用整体雅思写作的评分标准不象四六级或托福采用整体式的评分，而是分项式评分（式的评分，而是分项式评分（analytical scor
3、ing）。也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个）。也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个分数，而是根据具体的评分细则分项给分。分数，而是根据具体的评分细则分项给分。书信或图表评分标准：书信或图表评分标准：Task 1（书信或图表）按照以下三方面评分：（书信或图表）按照以下三方面评分：Task Fulfilment（完成任务）；（完成任务）；Coherence and Cohesion（连贯与衔接）；（连贯与衔接）；Vocabulary and Sentence Structure（词汇与句子结（词汇与句子结构）。构）。雅思作文概述o Coherence and Cohesion指的是文章通过一定的衔接手
4、段（Cohesive Devices）来表明上下文的连贯性（Coherence）。衔接手段，或叫语篇纽带，经常用的有（logical）逻辑、（grammatical）语法语法和（semantic）语义语义三方面的连接词连接词（connectors）。Vocabulary and Sentence Structure指的是文章的语言表达。5分或5分以下的作文一般语法错误较多。6分作文则一般没有致命的语法错误，用词和句子基本准确。而7分以上的作文用词丰富（Variety）、句子结构复杂（Complexity）。雅思作文概述o Task 2（议论文）的三方面评分标准是：（议论文）的三方面评分标准是：
5、Arguments,Ideas and Evidence（论证，论点和论据）；（论证，论点和论据）；Communicative Quality（交流质量）；（交流质量）；Vocabulary and Sentence Structure（词汇与句子结构）。（词汇与句子结构）。Arguments,Ideas and evidence涉及对于议论文的内容要求。具涉及对于议论文的内容要求。具体说来，应该是内容切题，论据合理，论证体说来，应该是内容切题，论据合理，论证充分。充分。大作文评分标准一、任务完成情况（一、任务完成情况（Task Response）l 内容是否切题（Content）找准topi
6、c and topic questionsl 立场是否鲜明并有效阐释（Position）a)主题句topic sentence放在文章首段，开明见山表明立场，只能1个b)论点main ideas放在中间段首句，论点须有2个以上c)论据supporting points放在论点后，包括证据evidence,例子examples等大作文评分标准大作文评分标准l 结构是否有逻辑性（结构是否有逻辑性（Structure）a)引言introduction涵盖主题、写作任务和主题句b)主体body包括足够的论点、论据c)结论conclusion重申观点、提出建议或者展望未来大作文评分标准大作文评分标准二、
7、连贯与衔接（二、连贯与衔接（Coherence and Cohesion）l 文章段与段，句与句之间的衔接l 段落之间的“转”“承”“启”“合”a)表开始：first of all,in the first place,at the very beginning,to begin with,currently,at present,for one thing等b)表承接：besides,further more,in addition,moreover,whats more,meanwhile,apart from,as well as,similarly,in the same way大作文
8、评分标准c)表转折：however,whereas,while,on the contrary,in contrast,on the other handd)表结论：in conclusion,in brief,in short,to sum up,ultimately,overalle)表原因：because(of),accordingly,due to,owing to,for this reason,since,as result,as a consequencef)表观点：in my opinion,personally,from my viewpoint,it seems to me
9、,it is clear to me that,as far as I am concerned大作文评分标准g)表举例说明：for example,for instance,as follows,such as,that is to say,namely,just as,in particularh)表让步：althouth,in spite of,despite of,despite the fact that,regardless of大作文评分标准三、词汇资源（三、词汇资源（Lexical Resources）l 词汇多少不能决定文章好坏，但用词精确性可以加分a)用词难度的拔高b)近义
10、词多种表达上提升大作文评分标准四、语法多样性与准确性（四、语法多样性与准确性（Grammatical Range and Accuracy）l 句子结构的准确性（主谓一致/句子平衡）l 句子结构的丰富性（不同句式/不重复）l 句子长度的复杂性（长短结合）l 用语的逻辑性与正式性（连接与用语）雅思写作大作文第二讲 主题、类型与段落结构雅思大作文主题归类o 1 科技发展主题o The development of science o 2 政府的职能和职责o About government o 常见考点：宏观政府职能？具体职能？o 3 环境污染和保护o The environmental prot
11、ectiono 常见考点：狭义环保+广义环保（动物）o 4 当代社会问题o People in modern societyo 常考考点：经济类，工作类，家庭类o 5 文化和艺术文化和艺术o Cultures and artso 6 教育问题教育问题o Education o 特点：雅思大作文最常考类特点：雅思大作文最常考类o 7 新闻传媒和广告新闻传媒和广告o News，media and advertisementso 8 道德和犯罪道德和犯罪o Moral and crimeo 9 健康、医学、心理、及其他健康、医学、心理、及其他o Health,medicine,psychology
12、and other topics 雅思大作文形式归类o Argumentation:do agree or disagree.o 特点：同意、不同意特点：同意、不同意o Options:Which you prefer o Which major/better/most/best.o 二选一、多选一二选一、多选一o Discussion&report：what reasons/causes+recommendations/solutions o 特点：提出特点：提出 原因与方法建议原因与方法建议o Pros and cons:discuss Advantages and disadvantag
13、es.o Discuss Both views(and your own opinion).o 讨论讨论 优缺点、相互对立的两个观点优缺点、相互对立的两个观点o Others其它其它o Argumentation：o do you agree or disagree?o To what extent do you agree or disagree?o Do you think it is a good idea?o Discussion&report：o What do you think are the reasons/causes of this?o What solutions/rec
14、ommendations can you offer/suggest?Pros and cons:o Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.o Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.o Options:o which do you prefer?o Which do you think to be the major/better/most/best.o OthersArgumentation结构结构o 问题类型：To what extent do you agree or disagr
15、ee?例：剑五 1o Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.o To what extent do you agree or disagree?推荐结构推荐结构 1o 写作方法：五段法写作方法：五段法o 第一段：开场论题（正反观点）+自己观点（同意/不同意)o 第二段：立论理由一（最大/最重要/最显著的理由）o 第三段：立论理由二（次大的理由）o 第四段：驳论段反方观点+反驳理由o 第五段：结论-重申论点+结语(可选)推荐结构推荐结构 2o 写作方法：五段法o
16、第一段：开场论题（正反观点）+自己观点(偏重部分同意)o 第二段：同意理由一（最大/最重要/最显著的理由）o 第三段：同意理由二（次大的理由）o 第四段：驳论段但是该观点中哪些地方不同意，及其理由o 第五段：结论-重申论点+结语(可选)推荐结构 3o 写作方法：五段法o 第一段：开场论题（正反观点）+自己观点(偏重部分不同意)o 第二段：不同意理由一（最大/最重要/最显著的理由）o 第三段：不同意理由二（次大的理由）o 第四段：让步段但是该观点里哪些地方同意，及其理由o 第五段：结论-重申论点+结语(可选)Discussion&Reporto 问题类型:o What do you think
17、are the causes of this?o 写作结构:四/五段法o 第一段：开场-论题+（原因的概括说明）o 第二段：最主要、重要原因o 第三段：次主要、重要原因o 第四段：方法建议（可选、略写）+结语Discussion&Reporto What solutions can you offer/suggest?o 写作结构:四/五段法o 第一段：开场-论题+（方法建议概括说明）o 第二段：原因(可选、略写)o 第三段：方法建议1o 第四段：方法建议2o 第五段：结语Discussion&Reporto 问题类型：What do you think are the causes of t
18、his?and what solutions can you offer？剑四 4o In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior.What do you think are the causes of this?and what solutions can you offer？结构o 提示：原因不能略写：可以使用的两种结构。o 结构一:四/五段法o 第一段：开场-论题o 第二段：最主要、重要原因o 第三段：次主要、重要原因o 第四段：方法建议o 第五段：结语（或合为一段写）结构二o第一段：开场-论题o
19、第二段：原因(至少两点)o第三段：方法建议（至少两点）o第四段：结语o注：P 169 考官例文，一个原因Pros and conso 问题类型：Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.剑五 2o In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.o Discuss the advantages and disadvantages f
20、or young people who decide to do this.结构o 写作方法：o 第一段：论题o 第二段：优点o 第三段：缺点o 第四段：总结+自己观点（可选）Pros and conso 问题类型：Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.剑五 3o Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged.Others believe that children who are taught to cooperate
21、 rather than compete become more useful adults.o Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.结构o 第一段：论题o 第二段：一方观点（优缺点/合理不合理之处/原因结果/例子）o 第三段：另一方观点（优缺点/合理不合理之处/原因结果/例子）o 第四段：自己观点（原因）o 第五段：总结o 问题：此类题目中 自己观点可否折中，或提出与两者都不同的新观点？注意按照自己的观点选择论述侧重点。Optionso 问题类型：Which do you prefer？o Which do you think
22、 to be the major/better/most/best.o 剑五 4o Research indicates that characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.o Which do you think to be the major influence?结构o 写作方法一（二选一）：四段法/五段法o 第一段：论题+自己观点（选择）o 第二段：原因一：
23、选A的最主要原因o 第三段：原因二：选A的次主要原因o 第四段：原因三：不选B的原因（可先分析B的好处再写其缺点）o 第五段：结尾Optionso 写作方法二（多选一）：四/五段法o 第一段：论题+自己观点（选择）o 第二段：原因一：选A的最主要原因o 第三段：原因二：选A的次主要原因o 第四段：原因三：不选BCD的原因（同上）o 第五段：结尾开场段o 开场要做什么？oChildren who grow up in families which are short of money are better prepared to deal with the problems of adult l
24、ife than children who are brought up by wealthy parents.To what extent do you agree or disagree?sampleo Some feel that the children of low income families are better equipped to deal with difficulties posed by the real world when they grow up and they also believe the privileged children of wealthy
25、families are less fit to deal with these difficulties.In my view，the implications and veracity of this argument seem self-evident,but in fact require closer examination.Topic oNowadays,more and more parents begin to send their children abroad to study.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this
26、.IntroductionoIt is certainly true to claim that studying overseas has its merits，but it is not without problems.第一段开场o 开场要做什么？o（1）交代问题、背景（直接点出论题/把论题分为正反两方面叙述）不能照抄原题o（2）提出总论点提出总论点：回答问题/做出选择/提出自己观点（清晰鲜明性）o 开头提出论点的方法：o 强化教材：P 77-79剑四，第一套题o 特殊选择类o compare the advantages and disadvantages of three of th
27、e following as media for communicating information.state which you consider to be the most effective.o comicso books o radioo televisiono filmo theatre A common opening o Today,there are so many methods of communicating information,some people prefer comics,some prefer films and theatres.As far as I
28、 am concerned,books,radios and televisions are the effective ones,but if I have to choose a most effective one,I would choose the TV.A better oneo Nowadays,there are a great many methods of communicating information,some people prefer comics because they think it is interesting,some prefer films and
29、 theatres because they give you a different feeling.however,when speaking of efficiency,books,radios and televisions become the choice,and if the most effective one has to be chosen,TV would definitely be the option.洋人修改版o Stone Age,Bronze Age,Iron Age and Information Age，thats what we human beings
30、have gone through with the flow of history.Today we live in a world overflowing with all kinds of information.As for the means of communicating information,books,radios and TVs are generally deemed to be the most effective contributors to the spreading of knowledge and data.However,only the televisi
31、on would be qualified to become the diamonds on the crown.模版一oWhen asked about_,quite a few people claim that_,but other people consider _ as_.o 剑五 1o Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.o To what extent do you agree or disagree?同意转述与适当变换owhen asked
32、about the issue of gender equality in academic institutions,quite a few people claim that equal numbers of male and female students should be admitted to every subject,but other people consider such view unpractical.剑四 test1 模版开头 oFaced with countless media of information age,quite a few people clai
33、m that the book should be the most effective tool,but other people consider the radio as the obvious winner.In my view,when it comes to the efficiency of communicating information,nothing beats the television.What is an introduction?1.Provide the reader with the topic and purpose of the essay.2.Attr
34、act the audiences interest into the topic.3.Offers a plan for the following argument.How to write introduction1 Background information 2 Issue:can be a question or a statement3 Thesis statement:most important sentence Examples about the background sentence1.As one of the most important inventions of
35、 the twentieth century _has a wide application in all aspects of our lives.物2.In recent years,an increasing number of people have begun to challenge against the existing practice of _.They argue that _.事 More examples1 Along with the steady growth in the countrys economy as well as the peoples livin
36、g standard,the rhythm of peoples living is speeding up and a lot of changes have taken place in their daily life.人人2 Along with the steady growth in the country2 Along with the steady growth in the countrys s economy as well as the peopleeconomy as well as the peoples living s living standard,people
37、 attach more importance to standard,people attach more importance to _._.人，事人，事 More examplesAlong with the development of society,/increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization,more and more problems are brought to our a t t e n t i o n,o n e o f w h i c h i s that_报告Introductionplays
38、the dual role of o setting the theme of your essayo engaging the reader What is a thesis statement?l the main idea of the essayl Not a factual statement,but a claim that has to be proven throughout the essayWhat is a thesis statement?1.The structure of a thesis statement?debatable Sth that can be vi
39、ewed from more than one angle1.More than 50%of traffic deaths are alcohol-related1.More than 50%of traffic deaths are alcohol-related Fact Fact can not be debatedcan not be debated2.I hate the taste of alcohol2.I hate the taste of alcohol personal feelingspersonal feelings can not be debatedcan not
40、be debated3.Our country should have a drinking age.3.Our country should have a drinking age.debatabledebatable Try to be diplomatic1.Use less words like No,all,always,Never 2.Use more words like:major,main,mainly,at least,probably,it is likely that 3.should It is/would be wise for.to It is urgent/hi
41、gh time toAvoid some Chinese way1 Any reasonable person would agree that2 Any fool can plainly see3 Even a five-year-old child knows 4 Undoubtedly,or Certainly,5 It is obvious thatWhat is a thesis statement?How to introduce your opinion?1.I believe 2.In my opinion,3.I would argue that4.I tend to mai
42、ntain that 5.It seems to me that although I am no expert,it seems to me that6.I propose that7.There is plentiful evidence to suggest thatA good way to write 1.Divide thesis statement into two or three parts.2.First state the subject and then presents the supports by using:because,for,since,as,due to
43、,in,in that A.more orderly and manageable.B.Supporting the thought Examples1.Capital punishment should be abolished.Capital punishment should be abolished not only because it deprives another person of life but also because it does not stop crime.2.Pollution constitutes a serious problem to humanity
44、.Air and water pollution More examples1.It makes sense to attend a junior college,for the quality of institution is high and the cost is low.2.The profession of law demands three important qualities of mind:the ability to analyze ideas,an interest in people,and patience with details.Examples on expr
45、essing opinions单边倒单边倒1.I would state my objection to this issue after analyzing the following three reasons.（不同意不同意）2.But if one has considered the following perspectives,he could most probably agree with the title statement as I do.More examples on expressing your opinions侧重一边1.From my point of vie
46、w,it is more advisable to choose A than to choose B.侧outweigh2.Though A has some advantages and it is popular to some extent,B will continue to play a more important role and will not fade out in peoples life.侧重More examples on expressing your opinions双方面1.As to whether it is a blessing or a curse,h
47、owever,people take different attitudes.（两边两边）2.Before giving my opinion,I think it is important to look at the argument on both sides.How to write introduction 1对立法 2现象法 3.比较法 4观点法 5引用法 6,故事法 7,问题法 一对立法 When asked about.,the majority of/many people believe that.However/but/nevertheless,.When asked a
48、bout the biggest problem today,many people say that it is the serious energy crisis.They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food.However,I hold an optimistic view:I just regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with
49、 further advances in economy and technology.一对立法 There is a controversy nowadays about the problem of.Those who object to it believe thatBut people who are in favor of,on the other hand,maintain that There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students doing a part-t
50、ime job.Those who object to it maintain that students should not spend their precious time in this way.But people who advocate it,on the other hand,claim that,by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job,students cannot only improve their academic studies,but gain much experience,which they
