1、全国高等院校全国高等院校“十一五十一五”规划教材规划教材省级精品课程教材省级精品课程教材 国际贸易实务双语教程国际贸易实务双语教程对外经贸大学出版社傅龙海 丛晓明 主编Chapter 1Definitions and functions of international trade terms 概念与作用概念与作用DefinitionTrade terms,also called price terms or price conditions,are abbreviations of letters or words specifying specific certain liabilitie
2、s,costs and risks between the seller and buyer.Functionsimplify dealing procedures improving efficiencyInternational trade customs 国际贸易惯例国际贸易惯例Definition 概念universally recognized customary ways of doing business and explanation evolving in the long process of trade development and has been compiled
3、by relative international organizations into rules and regulations which are acquainted,recognized and adopted by many trading organizations in most countries.Feature 特点most widely used international practicesmost influential international practicesmost important international practicespublished by
4、ICCall trade terms in this textbook are subject to itUpdate of INCOTERMS 通则的更新 INCOTERMS 1990 consists 13 trade rulesINCOTERMS 2000 groups the 13 rules into 4 categoriesINCOTERMS 2010 updates and consolidates the delivered rules，reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11.INCOTERMS 2010 present
5、s 11 rules in two distinct classes:Rules for any mode or modes of transportation适用于任何运输方式或多种运输方式的术语EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP and DDPRules for sea and inland waterway transportation适用于海运及内河水运的术语 FAS、FOB、CFR and CIFAmong the 11 trade terms,FOB,CFR and CIF are the most commonly used terms.Nowadays,they a
6、re used as trade terms for symbolic delivery.Symbolic delivery creates a new epoch of international trade.FOB,CFR and CIF are classified into one group as they are alike in characters.Similar characters 共同规律Used for port-to-port waterway transportationPlace of delivery-on board a ship in the export
7、countryRisks on seller until the goods are on board the vessel in the export countryDocuments is the core of selling and buying Risks transferred to buyer once the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel.Shipment contracts,the seller assure punctual shipment but and disregard arriving time.Def
8、inition The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at the port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on board the vessel.Obligations 买卖双方义务买卖双方义务The Sellers Obligations The Buyers Obligations
9、Some points for attention about FOBThe Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务a.Ship the goods on board the ship at port of shipment within due time and notify the buyer promptlyb.All costs and risks before the goods are loaded on board the ship c.Clear export customs and provide related documents and certific
10、atesd.Provide related shipping documents or EDI electronic informationThe Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务a.Book space and pay the freight and notify the seller sailing date and name of sailing vesselb.Bear all costs and risks after the goods are loaded on board the shipc.Accept related documents provide
11、d by the seller and pay duly according to the contractSome points for attention about FOB 要注意的几个问题要注意的几个问题The cancellation of the concept“cross the rail”“船舷为界”概念的取消Shipping charges 关于关于FOB的装船费用的装船费用Definition 概念概念 The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vess
12、el sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage.The risks of loss or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.Obligations 买卖双方义务买卖双方义务The Sellers Obligations The Buyers Obligations Some points for atten
13、tion about FOBThe Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务Book shipping space and sign shipment contracts from designated port of shipment to destination;load the goods on board the ship in contracted time and port and pay the freight;notify the buyer after shipment promptly.Bear all expenses and risks before t
14、he goods are on board the vessel at port of shipment.The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务Cover the insurance and pay insurance premium as the contract stipulates.Clear export customs and bear all relating risks and expenses;get export license or other official permission documents.Provide relating shipp
15、ing documents,commercial invoices or equivalent eclectic information or e-documents.The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务All expenses and risks after the goods delivered on board at port of shipment.Accept related documents provided by the seller and take delivery the goods and pay for them.Clear import c
16、ustoms at port of destination;bear all expenses and risks;get import license or other official permissions.Some points for attention about CIF 要注意的问题要注意的问题Insurance coverage保险险别问题保险险别问题Booking shipping space by the seller卖方租船订舱问题卖方租船订舱问题Symbolic delivery象征性交货问题象征性交货问题DefinitionThe seller is responsi
17、ble for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage(the risks are transferred when goods are delivered on board).Obligations 双方义务双方义务Except that the insurance is cover
18、ed by the buyer,both parties obligations are just the same as that of CIF.Some points for attention 注意事项注意事项The seller shall dispatches shipping notice promptly to facilitate the buyers insurance covering and if the buyer fails to cover insurance and suffers losses as a result of the sellers late no
19、tice,the seller is responsible.Contracts under CFR belong to shipment contracts.These three trade terms are used when the exporter delivers the goods to the carrier.Five common charactersFive common charactersSuitable for any means of transportPlace of shipment in exporting countryRisk is transferre
20、d at port of shipmentDeliver at shipping port in the exporting country.Contracts signed as per these three rules are all shipping contracts.Definition The seller delivers the goods,cleared for export,to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place and the buyer concludes shipping contract o
21、n his own expense and notify the seller promptly.Characteristics 特点Place of delivery:the exporting country or portRisk transfer:the buyer bears all risks and any costs occurring after the goods have been deliveredCarrier:any one actually fulfills the obligation of shipment or the shipping agentFCA a
22、nd FOBCommon points 相同点相同点The buyer is responsible for shipment and covering insurance and the contracted price does not include shipping charges or insurance premiumPort of loading is the place of deliveryContracts under these two terms are shipment contracts but not sales contractFCA and FOBDiffer
23、ences 不同点不同点DefinitionThe seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him and the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination and notify the buyer promptly.Some points for attention 应当注意的问题应当注意的问题Risk Transfer 风险划分的界限Allocation of
24、Obligation and Costs 责任和费用划分的问题Comparison of CPT and CFR 异同点异同点Common points相同点相同点In both terms,the seller is obliged to arrange transport to the destination and bear related costs while the buyer covers insurance on himself.Same delivery termsShip at port of shipment.Contracts under both terms are
25、shipment contractsCFR and CPTDifferences 不同点不同点DefinitionThe seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium for the carriage of the goods in addition to whatever should be covered and the transfer of risk happens when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier he chooses.Comparison o
26、f CIF and CIP 异同点异同点Common points 相同点The contract price includesshipping chargesinsurance premiumThe seller arrangestransport to port of destination pay for related shipping chargespay for insurance premiumPlace of deliveryShipment contractsCIF and CIPDifferences 不同点不同点EXW EX Works(named place)中译名：工
27、厂交货（指定地点）FAS Free alongside ship(named place of shipment)中译名：装运港船边交货（指定装运港）DefinitionThe seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the sellers premises or at another named place(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc.).The seller does not need to load the goods on any collec
28、ting vehicles,nor does it need to clear the goods for export,where such clearance is applicable.Characteristics 特点特点The buyer has to bear all costs and risks,and handle all necessary procedures from the moment he agrees to accept the goods or to take delivery of the goods.This term imposes on the se
29、ller the minimum obligations,costs and risks.EXW is widely used in any means of transport.The buyer is obliged to clear export customs.DefinitionThe seller places the goods alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment to fulfill his delivery obligation under this term.Al
30、location of Risks and Costs 风险与费用划分风险与费用划分The seller bears all costs(including shipping charges,charges for transshipment and losses or damages of the goods)and risks of transporting the goods alongside the ship.When the goods are alongside the ship,costs and risks are transferred to the buyer.Compa
31、rison of FOB and FAS 异同点异同点Common points 相同点Both are used in port-to-port ocean marine transportThe buyer arranges transport,covers insurance and bears shipping charges and insurance premium.FOB and FASDifferences 不同点不同点Different definition under American trade terms 与美国对外贸易定义的区别与美国对外贸易定义的区别The comm
32、on points of these terms 共同点The seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer in the importing countryUsed in physical deliveryRisks transfer when the buyer takes hold of the goods in the importing countryAll are arrival contractsThe seller shall bear shipping charges and insurance premiumsDefinition“
33、Delivered at Terminal”means that the seller delivers when the goods,once unloaded from the arriving means of transport,are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port of place of destination.Obligations 双方义务双方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务The Buyers Obligations买方义务买
34、方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务provide the goods,the commercial invoice and any other evidenceLicenses,authorizations,security clearances and other formalities 许可证、授权、安检通关和其他手续 Contract of carriage 关于运输 Contract of insurance 关于保险 Delivery 交货The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务Transfer of risks 风险转移A
35、llocation of costs 费用划分Notice to the buyer 通知买方Delivery document 交货凭证Checking-packaging-marking 查对-包装-标记Assistance with information and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.The buyer must obtain,at its o
36、wn risk and expense,any import license or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.Contract of carriage 关于运输Contract of Insurance关于保险The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务Taking delivery 收取货物Transfer of risks 风险转移Allocation of Costs 费用划分Notice to the se
37、ller 通知卖方Proof of delivery 交货凭证Inspection of goods 货物检验Assistance with information and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用Definition“Delivered at Place”means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named plac
38、e of destination.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.Obligations 双方义务双方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务The Buyers Obligations买方义务买方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务provide the goods,the commercial invoice and any other evidenceLicenses,authorizations,secur
39、ity clearances and other formalities 许可证、授权、安检通关和其他手续 Contract of carriage 关于运输 Contract of insurance 关于保险 Delivery 交货The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务Transfer of risks 风险转移Allocation of costs 费用划分Notice to the buyer 通知买方Delivery document 交货凭证Checking-packaging-marking 查对-包装-标记Assistance with informa
40、tion and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.The buyer must obtain,at its own risk and expense,any import license or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of
41、the goods.Contract of carriage 关于运输Contract of Insurance关于保险The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务Taking delivery 收取货物Transfer of risks 风险转移Allocation of Costs 费用划分Notice to the seller 通知卖方Proof of delivery 交货凭证Inspection of goods 货物检验Assistance with information and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用Definition“Deli
42、vered Duty Paid”means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer,cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the p
43、lace of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import,to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.Obligations 双方义务双方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务The Buyers Obligations买方义务买方义务The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务p
44、rovide the goods,the commercial invoice and any other evidenceLicenses,authorizations,security clearances and other formalities 许可证、授权、安检通关和其他手续 Contract of carriage 关于运输 Contract of insurance 关于保险 Delivery 交货The Sellers Obligations 卖方义务卖方义务Transfer of risks 风险转移Allocation of costs 费用划分Notice to the
45、 buyer 通知买方Delivery document 交货凭证Checking-packaging-marking 查对-包装-标记Assistance with information and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.The buyer must provide assistance to the seller,at the sellers req
46、uest,risk and expense,in obtaining any import license or other official authorization for the import of the goods.Contract of carriage 关于运输Contract of Insurance关于保险The Buyers Obligations 买方义务买方义务Taking delivery 收取货物Transfer of risks 风险转移Allocation of Costs 费用划分Notice to the seller 通知卖方Proof of deliv
47、ery 交货凭证Inspection of goods 货物检验Assistance with information and related costs 协助提供信息及相关费用Case 1:An exporter exports a batch of Christmas gifts to an English buyer with CIF London and as the Christmas gifts are seasonal,they contract that the buyer shall open a credit with the seller before the end o
48、f September and the seller shall ship the goods to Hamburg not later than 5th December.Or else,the buyer has the right to cancel the contract and get refund from the seller.So is the amended contract still a CIF contract？Why？Case 1:Analysisthe contract is not a CIF contract because:CIF contracts are
49、 shipment contractsIn the above case,the seller shall ship the goods to Hamburg not later than 5th December Or else,the buyer has the right to cancel the contract.This substantially alters the character of shipment contracts.CIF is used for symbolic delivery In the above case,the seller shall refund
50、 to the buyer if settlements have been made.This alters the characters of symbolic delivery.Case 2:An exporter in Beijing contracts with an English customer to export a lot of goods.After negotiating the price,our exporter insists on FCA Beijing while the English customer insists on FOB Tianjin.Plea
