1、句句 子子 成成 分与基本句型分与基本句型句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种:英语的基本成分有七种:_和和_主语(主语(subjectsubject)、)、谓语(谓语(predicatepredicate)、)、表语(表语(predicativepredicative)、)、宾语(宾语(objectobject)、)、定语(定语(attributeattribute)、)、状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语(补语(complementcomplement)。)。基本句型基本句型
2、Basic sentence pattern英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:一:V Vi i (主谓)(主谓)二:二:Link-VLink-V (主系表)(主系表)三:三:V Vt t (主谓宾)(主谓宾)四:四:V Vt t (主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)五:五:V Vt t (主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)本结构是由本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用常用来表示主语的动作。来表示主语的动作。如:如:The
3、 sun rises.Tom has already left.基本句型基本句型 一:一:(主谓)(主谓)1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly基本句型基本句型 二:二:(主系表)(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:系动词系动词不能表达不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的态的表语表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意
4、思。构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的表示特征和存在状态的 be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;2.表示状态延续的表示状态延续的 remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;3.表示状态变化的表示状态变化的 become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;(是系动词)(是系动词)(表语)(表语)1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The d
5、inner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.Our well has gone dry.7.His face turned red.*There be 结构结构:There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这。这里的里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物(存在)有某事物 试比较:试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一
6、个男(那儿有一个男孩。)孩。)前一个前一个there无实意,后一个无实意,后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三:三:(主谓宾)(主谓宾)此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是:谓语动词是:谓语动词,但,但不能表达完整的意思不能表达完整的意思,即动作的承受者,才能使意,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。(及物动词)(及物动词)(宾语)(宾语)1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said Good morning
7、.5.He admits that he was mistaken.基本句型基本句型 四:四:(主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)有 些 及 物 动 词 可 以 有 两 个 宾 语,有 些 及 物 动 词 可 以 有 两 个 宾 语,e g:give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语间接宾语);一个指物;一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Show this house to Mr.Smith.-Bring it to me,please.说明:此结构由说明:此结构由“主语主语+及物谓语动词及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事
8、物)直接宾语(事物)”组成。如:组成。如:He brings me cookies every day.但若要但若要先说出直接宾语(事物),先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语后说间接宾语(人),(人),则要借助于介词则要借助于介词to或或for。如:。如:He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向,表示侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着朝着,向着,对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者,侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词
9、有:(需借助常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等;等;(需借助(需借助for 的)的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。(及物)(及物)(多指人)(多指人)(多指物)(多指物)1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him m
10、y pictures.1.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型基本句型 五:五:(主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是:动词虽然是及物动词,是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语:位于:位于宾语之后宾语之后对对宾语宾语作出作出补充说明补充说明的成分。可以用作的成分。可以用作宾语补足语
11、的有名词,形容词,宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。(及物)(及物)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.They painted the door green.2.This set them thinking.3.They found the house deserted.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.The war made him a
12、soldier.3.Our English teacher is thirty years old.4.Tom made a hole in the wall.5.Mr.Johnson taught us German last year.6.I often find him at work.7.Would you please pass me the dictionary?8.The potatoes went bad in the fields.9.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.10.They havent decided whe
13、re to go next.11.I dont know if he can come tomorrow.12.New methods make the job easy.13.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.14.So they had to travel by air or boat.15.The cake tastes delicious.16.The teacher asks the students to close the windows.17.Their boss seems satisfied with the w
14、ork.18.She stopped teaching English two years ago.19.He showed the ticket to the conductor.20.She sat there alone,reading a novel.基本句型翻译练习主谓结构 1她昨天回家很晚。She went home very late yesterday evening.2会议将持续两个小时。The meeting will last two hours.主系表结构3孩子们很少保持安静。Children seldom keep quiet.4她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。Her
15、job is to look after the children in the nursery.主谓宾结构 5这本书他读过多次了。He has read this book many times.6他们成功地完成了计划。They have carried out the plan successfully.主谓双宾7奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。Grandma told me an interesting story last night.8请把那本字典递给我好吗?Would you please pass me the dictionary?主谓宾宾补9我要你把真相告诉我。I want you to tell me the truth.10我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We wont let her go out at night.