1、Circumstances:Where does an accountant work?1.To understand the enterprises and their basic business processes;2.To identify the organization of accounting work,the qualification and professional ethics of accounting;3.To know the accounting profession and its development.Objectives:1.Try to say the
2、se accounting terms in English.会计 会计职业 个人企业 合资企业 会计职业资格证书职业道德 注册会计师 会计主体Brainstorming2.Answer the following questions.1)Can you list out different types of business organizations?2)What is the function of the accounting department?3)What is the duty of an accountant?Brainstorming1.1 Enterprises1.1.1
3、 A Sole Proprietorship1.1.2 A Partnership1.1.3 A Corporation1.1.4 Other Types of Enterprises1.2 Accounting organization1.2.1 Accounting Examinations1.2.2 Professional Ethics in Accounting1.3 Accounting ProfessionIntroduction1.1 EnterprisesEnterprisessole proprietorshipspartnership enterprises corpor
4、ationsmanufacturing enterprisesmerchandising businesses service businessesBased on different property forms and legal responsibilities.According to the classificationsspecified in the national trade classification standardsEnterprises1.1.1 A Sole ProprietorshipSole proprietorshipA business owned by
5、one person is called a sole proprietorship or a single proprietorship.HandicraftsAgricultureForestryFisheryFamily workshopsIt is common for:Small retail storesService businessFarmsProfessional practice in lawMedicinePublic accountingEspecially prevalent in:Sole proprietorshipFrom a legal viewpoint,t
6、he sole proprietorship and its owner are not regarded as separate entities.From an accounting viewpoint,a single proprietorship is regarded as an entity separate from the other affairs of its owner.Sole proprietorshipAdvantages Disadvantages Simplicity and flexibilityUnlimited liability and limitati
7、ons on sizeSole proprietorshipPartnership1.1.2 PartnershipA partnership is set up by two or more owners who wish to combine capital or managerial talents for some common business purpose.In accounting,partnerships are considered as separate entities from the owners.PartnershipPartnershipGeneral part
8、nership Limited partnership Most partnerships are organized as general partnerships.Partnershipv Advantagesv Better access to capital.v Much easier and less expensive than to organize a corporation.v Members enjoy more freedom from government regulation and more flexibility of action than do the own
9、ers of a corporation.v The partners may withdraw funds and make business decisions of all type without the necessity of formal meeting or legalistic procedures.v Its record-keeping and income tax filing requirements are simple.Partnershipv Disadvantagesv Limited lifev Unlimited liabilityv Mutual age
10、ncyv Less effective on raising funds than a corporationPartnershipCorporation1.1.3 CorporationA corporation is a separate entity organized by law and independent of the owners.Usually,a corporation has its own assets and liabilities.It should take responsibility for its own profits and losses,so it
11、is mainly organized in the form of Limited Liability Company or Joint Stock Company Limited.CorporationCash or other resources ShareStockholderCorporationCorporationShareholdersShareholdersElect BoardBoard ofof directorsdirectors Decide on the major business policies,authorizes contracts,determines
12、on executive salaries and arranges major loans with banks.Declaration of dividends Corporation BoardBoard ofof directorsdirectors Several officers of the corporation and several outsiders Appoint ManagersManagersExecute the companys policies and carry out day-to-day operations.Report the financial r
13、esults to the board of directors and to the stockholders periodicallyCorporationAdvantagesContinuous lifeSeparate legal entity Limited liability Ease of capital generation Lack of mutual agency Centralized authority and responsibility Professional management CorporationDisadvantages High organizing
14、costsInternal conflictsRestrictions on the sale of stock More paperwork to prepareDouble taxationNegative influence of the requisition of personal guarantees from corporate officers as a condition of supplying creditCorporationOther Types1.1.4 Other Types Merchandising businesses Service businesses
15、Manufacturing enterprisesOther TypesThe most typical industry,and playing a fundamental role in the national economy.New words and expressionsenterprise entpraz n.企业；事业adhere dhr vi.坚持；依附；粘着；追随 vt.使粘附accountancy kantnsi n.会计工作；会计学proprietor prprat n.业主；所有者；经营者 proprietorship 所有权profit-making adj.营利的
16、；有利可图的circulation skjle()n n.流通，传播；循环；发行量provision prvn n.规定；条款；准备property prpt n.性质，性能；财产；所有权liable labl adj.有责任的；应受罚的；有倾向的New words and expressionsmutual mjutul adj.共同的；相互的legalistic liglstk adj.法律的，法制的dividend dvdnd n.红利；股息liquidation,lkwden n.清算；偿还comply with 照做，遵守New words and expressionssole p
17、roprietorship 个人企业business processes 业务流程public accounting 公共会计general partnership 普通合伙 limited partnership 有限合伙New words and expressions1.2 Accounting organizationAccounting organizationThe leading member A cashierAt least two accounting positions in accounting departmentAccounting work is usually
18、organized in the form of centralized accounting and non-centralized accounting,and a system of post responsibility is required and implemented.Each accountant is evaluated according to the responsibility at his job.Accounting organizationAccounting Examinations1.2.1 Accounting ExaminationsAccounting
19、 ExaminationsAccounting Qualification Certificate ExaminationAccounting Professional PostCPA ExaminationAccounting ExaminationsAccounting Qualification Certificate Examination is the first one that an accountant must take.Accounting ExaminationsFinancial Regulations and Professional EthicsBasic Acco
20、unting Elementary Computerized AccountingThe courses include:there are accounting professional posts to distinguish different technical levels.Accounting ExaminationsFundamental postaccounting bookkeeper,junior accountantFundamental Accounting Practice,Basic Economic LawsIntermediate postaccountant
21、Secondary Accounting Practice,Financial Management,Economic lawsSenior postsenior professional accountantpass the related examinations,pass an assessmentCPA(Certified Public Accountant)refers to the accountants who have got the legal account certification and have the quality to audit,offer accounti
22、ng consulting and accounting service.Accounting ExaminationsThe courses include:AccountingAuditingFinancial Cost ManagementTaxation LawsEconomic LawsProfessional Ethics in Accounting1.2.2 Professional Ethics in AccountingProfessional Ethics in AccountingProfessional accountants should reach some bas
23、ic ethical standardsLegalityIntegrityObjectivityConfidentiality CompetenceNew words and expressionstreasurer trr n.财务主管cashier kr n.出纳员audit dt vi.&vt.审计；审计 查帐distinguish dstw v.区分；辨别assessment ssmnt n.评定；估价New words and expressionsratio reo n.比率，比例taxation tksen n.课税，征税；税款prominent prmnnt adj.突出的，显
24、著的；杰出的sensitive snstv adj.敏感的misleading,mslid adj.令人误解的；引入歧途的 v.给带错路New words and expressionsevasion ven n.逃避；回避legality lilti n.合法；合法性integrity ntrti n.完整；正直；诚实objectivity,bdktvti n.客观；客观性confidentiality,knf,dnlti n.机密New words and expressionsdecree dkri n.法令；判决 vt.命令；颁布prescribe prskrab v.规定；开药方un
25、dermine ndman vt.破坏，渐渐破坏post responsibility 岗位职能professional ethics 职业道德New words and expressionscentralized accounting 集中核算Accounting Qualification Certificate 会计从业资格证书Financial Regulation 财经法规Computerized Accounting 会计电算化Certified Public Accountant(CPA)注册会计师Accounting Profession1.3 Accounting Prof
26、essionLuca Pacioli(1445-1517),Father of Accounting Summa de Arithmetica,Geometria,Proportioni et Proportionalita first book on double-entry accountingIt was thought to be the first important step in accounting history.Accounting ProfessionAccounting ProfessionIn 1854,the Institute of Chartered Accou
27、ntants of Scotland was founded,marking the existence of accounting profession.the second important step in accounting developmentIn China,the development of accounting began in the 1900s.professions of accountantsunit accounting public accountingan accountant works for state organs,associations,ente
28、rprises,institutions and other organizationsthe main tasks needed are accounting,accounting supervision and finance managementa public accountant provides the society with such services as accounting,auditing,tax management,and financial consultation.He always works at a CA(Chartered Accountant)firm
29、 or a CPA(Certified Public Accountants)firmAccounting ProfessionNew words and expressionstrade tred n.贸易，交易；行业；职业association,soen n.协会，联盟，社团creditor krdt n.债权人supervision,spvn n.监督，管理spur sp n.鼓舞，刺激；vi.给予刺激 vt.激励，鞭策New words and expressionsevolve vlv v.发展，进化；进化budgetary bdtri adj.预算的state organs 国家机
30、关cost accounting 成本会计financial accounting 财务会计New words and expressionsmanagerial accounting 管理会计Chartered Accountant 特许会计师double-entry 复式记账Standards:How does an accountant work?1.To know the concepts,functions and targets of accounting;2.To be familiar with postulates and bases of accounting practi
31、ce;3.To understand accounting methods and methodology for accounting practice.Objectives:1.Try to say these accounting terms in English.会计职能 收付实现制 会计核算会计假设 会计监督 财务报表权责发生制 会计主体 Brainstorming2.Answer the following questions.1)Whats the definition of accounting?2)Whats the relation between bookkeeping
32、and accounting?3)Do you know the functions of accounting?What are they?4)How do the accountants carry out accounting practice?Brainstorming2.1 Accounting and its goals2.1.1 Concepts and features of accounting2.1.2 Functions,objects and targets of accounting2.2 Postulates and bases of accounting prac
33、tice2.2.1 Accounting assumptions2.2.2 Accounting principles2.2.3 Accounting Bases2.3 Accounting methods and methodology for accounting practiceIntroduction 2.1 Accounting and its goalsAccounting and its goals2.1.1 Concepts and features of accountingConcepts and features In brief,accounting is a mana
34、gement process of recording,classifying,summarizing and interpreting those business activities that can be expressed in monetary terms.Concepts and features A person whose profession is to keep or inspect financial accounts is known as an accountant.The American Institute of Certified Public Account
35、ants“The art of recording,classifying,and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money,transactions and events which are,in part at least,of a financial character,and interpreting the results thereof.”(AICPA)(AICPA)Concepts and features Encyclopedia Accounting is defined as the process
36、of maintaining,auditing,and processing financial information for business purposes.Accounting is also defined as an information system that measures,processes,and communicates financial information about an identifiable economic entity.Concepts and features Early definitions of accounting focused on
37、 the traditional record-keeping functions of the accountant.Concepts and features Accounting Bookkeeping It is the means of recording transactions and keeping records.Bookkeeping is the day-to-day record-keeping involved in the process of accounting.Concepts and features Typical features of accounti
38、ng(1)Money is used as the main measure of calculation in accounting.(2)Accountants should always perform all-around,continuous,systematic,comprehensive accounting and supervision on economic activities.(3)Accounting practice should be based on legal accounting documents.(4)Accounting has a systemati
39、c methodology of its own.2.1.2 Functions,objects and targets of accountingFunctions,objects and targetsFunctions,objects and targets Karl Marx CapitalFunctions of accountingprocesses control and concepts summaryaccounting practice and accounting supervisionAccounting Law of the Peoples Republic of C
40、hinaAccountants,with money as the main measure of calculation,shall identify,measure,record and report the economic transactions and operational matters conducted by an accounting entity based upon a series of specialized methods.Functions,objects and targetsaccounting practiceFunctions,objects and
41、targetsaccounting supervisionAccountants should inspect whether the economic transactions and operational matters conducted by an accounting entity is legal and reasonable according to certain standards and regulations.The object of accounting refers to what accounting practice and supervision are c
42、onducted on,and it exists in the process of social reproduction.The purpose expected to achieve in accounting work is the target of accounting.Functions,objects and targetsprovide useful information for users of accounting information;reflect the implementation of fiduciary responsibilities of the c
43、ompanies management.New words and expressionsconstitute knsttjut vt.组成，构成supervision,supvn n.监督，管理sound sand adj.合理的；健全的，健康的；可靠的computation kmpjte()n n.估计，计算，运算all-round:lrand adj.多才多艺的；全面的；多方面的New words and expressionssystematic sstmtk adj.系统的；体系的；有系统的monetary mnt()r adj.货币的；财政的encyclopedia nsaklpi
44、di n.百科全书identifiable adentfb()l adj.可辨认的；可认明的bookkeeping bkkip n.记帐，簿记New words and expressionsmethodology medld n.方法学，方法论disbursement dsbsm()nt n.支出，支付authenticity entst n.真实性，确实性implementation mplmente()n n.实现；履行fiduciary fdju()r adj.信托的；受信托的 n.受托人New words and expressionsin accordance with 依照；与一
45、致in terms of依据；按照；在方面accounting assumption 会计假设accounting personnel 会计人员economic entity 会计主体New words and expressionsfinancial statement 财务报表 balance sheet 资产负债表income statement 损益表statement of cash flow 现金流量表cash holding 库存现金valuable securities 有价证券New words and expressionsin accordance with 依照；与一致
46、in terms of依据；按照；在方面accounting assumption 会计假设accounting personnel 会计人员economic entity 会计主体Postulates and bases of accounting practice2.2 Postulates and bases of accounting practiceAccounting assumptions2.2.1 Accounting assumptionsAccounting assumptionsAccounting Assumptions(Basic Postulates of Acco
47、unting)Accounting Entity AssumptionGoing Concern AssumptionAccounting Period AssumptionThe Stable Monetary Unit Assumption2.2.2 Accounting principlesAccounting principlesAccounting principlesAccounting principlesHistorical Cost PrincipleMatching PrincipleObjective PrincipleConsistency PrincipleConse
48、rvatism PrincipleFull-disclosure PrincipleMateriality PrincipleRealization Principle2.2.3 Accounting BasesAccounting BasesAccounting BasesThe accrual basis and the cash basis are bases and basic ways to do accounting.Accounting principles accepted generally require that a business should use the acc
49、rual basisAccounting BasesIn cash-basis accounting,the accounting records a transaction only when cash is received or paid.In accrual-basis accounting,an accountant recognizes the impact of a business transaction as it occurs.New words and expressionspostulate pstjlet n.基本条件；假定 vt.假定；要求 fundamental
50、fndment()l adj.基本的，根本的periodicity,prdst n.周期性periodically,prdkl adv.定期地；周期性地accountability,kantblt n.有义务；管理责任；会计责任distinct dst(k)t adj.明显的；独特的；清楚的distinguish dstgw vt.区分；辨别;使表现突出foreseeable fsibl adj.可预知的artificial tf()l adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的eventual ven(t)l adj.最后的，结果的；可能的New words and expressionsliquida
