1、Psychology 1504Positive Psychology第1页，共44页。Bridging Ivory Tower and Main StreetThe objective of positive psychology is to unite the rigor of academic research with the accessibility of the self-help movement.第2页，共44页。House keeping Feedback or questions In case of an emergency well take a PP-break Po
2、werpoints and videotape on website Active note-taking Regular Time-Ins第3页，共44页。“Words are not the sole medium of exchange in teaching and learningwe educate with silence as well.Silence gives us a chance to reflect on what we have said and heard In authentic education,silence is treated as a trustwo
3、rthy matrix for the inner work students must do,a medium for learning of the deepest sort.”第4页，共44页。The Road to Positive Psychology Humanistic Psychology(50s)The Third Force Reaction to behaviorism(First Force)Reaction to psychoanalysis(Second Force)Lacked rigorous methodology第5页，共44页。Abraham Maslow
4、(1908-1970)Karen Horney(1885-1952)Meet the GrandparentsAaron Antonovsky(1923-1994)第6页，共44页。Meet the ParentsMartin SeligmanEllen LangerPhilip Stone第7页，共44页。Meet 1504第8页，共44页。It is not merely about informationIt is also about transformation Covering less;uncovering more第9页，共44页。“In pursuit of knowledg
5、e,every day something is acquired;in pursuit of wisdom,every day something is dropped.”Lao Tzu“The soul grows by subtraction,not addition.”Thoreau第10页，共44页。In Search of“WOW”There is no“WOW”!Making common sense more common第11页，共44页。Information is not enough“What is wrong is not the great discoveries
6、of scienceinformation is always better than ignorance,no matter what information or what ignorance.What is wrong is the belief behind the information,the belief that information will change the world.It wont.”Archibald MaCleish第12页，共44页。Information is not enough“Humanistic philosophy offers a new co
7、nception of learning,of teaching,and of education.Stated simply,such a concept holds that the function of education,the goal of educationthe human goal,the humanistic goal,the goal so far as human beings are concernedis ultimately the self-actualization of a person,the becoming fully human,the devel
8、opment of the fullest height that the human species can stand up to or that the particular individual can come to.In a less technical way,it is helping the person to become the best that he is able to become.”Abraham Maslow第13页，共44页。It is not about providing definitive answers concerning the good li
9、feIt is about identifying the right questionsEducation is the quest for information and transformation,and therefore must begin with a question.“The most common source of mistakes in management decisions is the emphasis on finding the right answer rather than the right question.”Peter Drucker第14页，共4
10、4页。第15页，共44页。“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.”Bishop Creighton第16页，共44页。The Question of QuestionsHow can we help ourselves and othersindividuals,communities,and societybecome happier?第17页，共44页。It is not a survey of positive psychol
11、ogyIt is a selective exploration of the question of questions.Eclectic Cross cultural psychology“We were a little surprised by the Dalai Lamas seeming resistance to the notion of cultural differences.”Daniel Goleman第18页，共44页。Studying Ourselves(as well)“What is most personal is most general.”Carl Rog
12、ers“We must remember that knowledge of ones own deep nature is also simultaneously knowledge of human nature in general.”Abraham Maslow第19页，共44页。“There is one thing,and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we could learn from external observation.That one thing is ourselves.W
13、e have,so to speak,inside information;we are in the know.”CS Lewis第20页，共44页。It is not English 10a or Math 55It is about rigorous fun“I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity,but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.”Oliver Wendell Holmes
14、 A different kind of effort“On Monday,dont tell me how great it was;tell me what youre doing differently.”Peter Drucker第21页，共44页。Final Project 20-30 minute Presentation Any topic within positive psychology Written text(10-15 pages double spaced)Slides(word or powerpoints)Include:Reference to researc
15、h Optional:stories,film clips,exercises,etc Why a presentation?Teaching as learning Spread goodness第22页，共44页。第23页，共44页。Why Positive Psychology?第24页，共44页。Anger:5,584 Anxiety:41,416 Depression:54,040Psychological Abstracts(1967-2000)Joy:415 Happiness:1,710 Life satisfaction:2,582Ratio:21/1第25页，共44页。Fo
16、cusing on What Doesnt Work“The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side;it has revealed to us much about mans shortcomings,his illnesses,his sins,but little about his potentialities,his virtues,his achievable aspirations,or his psychological height
17、.It is as if psychology had voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction,and that the darker,meaner half.”Abraham Maslow第26页，共44页。Psychology Needs Help 21/1 ratio is unhealthy but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is
18、14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960)第27页，共44页。第28页，共44页。Does Psychology Need Help?21/1 ratio of studies is unhealthy but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960)mental health crisis on campuses nationwide(Kadison,2005)wo
19、rldwide mental health epidemic第29页，共44页。Why Positive Psychology?The importance of focusing on what worksHappiness is not the negation of unhappinessPrevention through cultivating capacity第30页，共44页。1.The Importance of Focusing on What Works“The aim of Positive Psychology is to catalyze a change in ps
20、ychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life.”Martin Seligman第31页，共44页。Reframing Questions:The Case of At-Risk Population Traditional psychology(Post-WWII)“Why do these individuals fail?”Positive psychological approach(1980s-)
21、“What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?”第32页，共44页。Resilience“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.”Masten&Reed Superkids?Ordinary characteristics,extraordinary results Optimism Faith and
22、a sense of meaning Prosocial behavior Focusing on strengths Set goals A role model Social support第33页，共44页。From Pathogenic Questions to Salutogenic Questions“All those familiar with the history of science are aware that important advances come with the formulation of new questions.The question is th
23、e breakthrough;the answer comes with difficulty,but it is the new question that is important.The salutogenic question,I submit to you,is a radically new question,which provides the impetus for formulating a new paradigm to help us understand health and illness.It has serious implications for researc
24、her and clinician,biological and social scientist alike.”Aaron Antonovsky第34页，共44页。“We see what we look for and we miss much of what we are not looking for even though it is there.Our experience of the world is heavily influenced by where we place our attention.”Stavros and Torres第35页，共44页。Role mode
25、ls High Expectations From blame to responsibility Tough and respectful Optimism and faith in future From focusing on deficiencies to focusing on strengths第36页，共44页。Passive Victim Vs.Active Agentself pityblamefrustrationanger _take actionresponsibilityconfidencehope and optimism第37页，共44页。Reframing Qu
26、estions:The Case of a Chicago School Traditional Way“How can we keep students in school?”Marva Collins Way“How can we cultivate the seed of greatness in our students?”“How can we cultivate the seed of greatness in our selves and families,in our communities and organization,in our nation and our worl
27、d?”第38页，共44页。2.Happiness isnt the Negation of Unhappiness Disease Model Health Model Focus on weaknesses Focus on strengths Overcoming deficiencies Building competencies Avoiding pain Seeking pleasure Running from unhappiness Pursuing happiness Neutral state(0)as ceiling No ceiling Tensionless as id
28、eal Creative tension as ideal-_ 0 _+neurosis,anger,anxiety,wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosisexcitement,happiness第39页，共44页。3.Prevention through Cultivating Positive Illness as the absence of health(vs.health as the absence of illness)“It neurosis is a falling short of what one could have
29、 been,and even,one could say,of what one should have been,biologically speaking,that is,if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way.Human and personal possibilities have been lost.The world has been narrowed,and so has consciousness.Capacities have been inhibited.”Abraham Maslow第40页，共44页。“We
30、have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonal skill,faith,work ethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,the capacity for flow and insight,to name several.We have shown that learning optimism prevents depression and a
31、nxiety in children and adults,roughly halving their incidence over the next two years.Similarly,I believe,that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk,that the effective prevention is not remedial.Rather it consists of identifying and amplif
32、ying the strengths that these teens already have.”Martin Seligman第41页，共44页。Cultivating Capacity Stronger“psychological immune system”Larger and stronger“psychological engine”Mental health at Harvard第42页，共44页。“The message of the Positive Psychology movement is to remind our field that it has been def
33、ormed.Psychology is not just the study of disease,weakness,and damage;it also is the study of strength and virtue.Treatment is not just fixing what is wrong;it also is building what is right.Psychology is not just about illness or health;it is about work,education,insight,love,growth,and play.And in
34、 this quest for what is best,Positive Psychology does not rely on wishful thinking,self-deception or hand-waving;instead it tries to adapt what is best in the scientific method to the unique problems that human behavior presents in all its complexity.”Martin Seligman第43页，共44页。Bibliography and Recomm
35、endations www.psychologymatters.org http:/www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/Antonovsky(1979).Health,Stress,and Coping.San Fransisco:Jossey-Bass.Masten,A.S.&Reed,M.J.(2002).Resilience in development.In C.R.Snyder and S.J.Lopez(Eds.),Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Seligman,M.E.P.,
36、&Csikszentmihalyi,M.(2000).Positive Psychology.American Psychologist,55,5-14.Sheldon,K.M.&King,L(2001).Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary.American Psychologist,56,216-217.Snyder,C.R.&Lopez,S.J.(Eds.)(2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Collins,M.&Tamarkin,C.(1990).Marva Collins Way.Putnam:New York.Werner,E.&Smith,R.(2001).Journeys from Childhood to Midlife:Risk,Resilience and Recovery.Cornell University Press.第44页，共44页。
