1、Unit 1 Laugh out loud！Using languagenon-defining attributive clauses1 What do“where”,“which”and“when”refer to in each sentence?In sentence(a)“where”refers to“the waiting area”;In sentence(b)“which”refers to“.laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better”;In sentence(c)“when”refers to“the ti
2、me”.2 Which sentences contain a clause with essential information and which with extra information?If you take away the clauses,do the sentences still make sense?Sentence(c)contains a clause with essential information.sentences(a)and(b)contain clauses with extra information.If we take away the claus
3、e of sentence(c),the meaning of it is incomplete.If we take away the clauses of sentences(a)and(b),the two sentences still make sense.3 Which clauses are separated by a comma,the ones with essential information or the ones with extra information?Sentences(a)and(b)with extra information are separated
4、 by commas.Now look for more sentences with non-defining attributive clauses in the reading passage,and summarise their uses in your own words.1 People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs,looking through old magazines,all of which have been read hundreds of times previously.2 I speak with the on-dut
5、y nurse,who tells me that Laras parents rushed her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle.3 We have to be very sensitive and work closely with the doctors and nurses,who keep us updated on each patient.In the first sentence“which”refers to“old magazines”;in the second sentence“who”refers to“
6、the on-duty nurse”;in the third sentence“who”refers to“the doctors and nurses”.All of the three sentences still make sense if we take away their clauses.1 Go for a walk in the countryside,where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.2 Spend time with your family and friends,whic
7、h will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.3 Try to accept your mistakes,where/through which you can learn a lot.4 Close your eyes and picture the future,where youve made your dreams come true.Rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses.Complete the joke with the se
8、ntence parts in the box using who/which and put commas in the correct position.has lost his patience by nowhe thinks will impress Holmesis lying next to himhe finds annoying,who is lying next to him,which he finds annoying,which he thinks will impress Holmes,who has lost his patience by now,non-defi
9、ning attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句要要 点一点一 非限制性定语从句的主要应用场合非限制性定语从句的主要应用场合（1）先行词指代明确时，如专有名词和独一无二的事物。）先行词指代明确时，如专有名词和独一无二的事物。（2）关系代词作复杂介词的宾语时。）关系代词作复杂介词的宾语时。（3）关系代词作）关系代词作 of 的宾语，且的宾语，且 of 前有数词、代词或名词时。前有数词、代词或名词时。（4）关系词指代整个主句的内容时。）关系词指代整个主句的内容时。要要 点二点二 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词（1）which 指物，在
10、定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。（2）who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。（3）whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语。指人，在定语从句中作宾语。（4）whose 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。（5）as 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)Karl Marx，was born in Germany，was a great philosopher.(2)The clown doctor，wears
11、 curly wig，is popular with the little patients in the hospital.(3)He had his right leg broken while playing football，because of he couldnt attend school.(4)The tree，the branches of are almost bare，is a very old one.(5)Tom has the good qualities of kindness and honesty，_ is what his parents expect.wh
12、o who which which which单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)The employer，all the employees respect，is concerned about his employees working conditions.(2)She was patient with the children，her husband seldom was.(3)The poet,poems are best loved，once lived in this region.(4)I met Professor Xu，told me the result of the elec
13、tion.(5)We won the game，we expected.(6)The house，windows face east，is under repair.(7)The little boy can speak two foreign languages，_surprises all the people present.who/whom which whose who as whose which要要 点三点三 引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词（1）where 在定语从句中作地点状语。在定语从句中作地点状语。（2）when 在定语从句中作时间状语。在定语
14、从句中作时间状语。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)He will put off the picnic until May 1st，_he will be free.(2)We will be shown around the city：schools，museums and other places，other visitors seldom go.when where要要 点四点四 注意事项注意事项（1）在）在 which，as 引导的非限制性定语从句中，关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句中，关系代词 which，as 都表都表示一个整体概念。示一个整体概念。所以当它们在定语从句中作主语时，其谓
15、语动词总是用所以当它们在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词总是用单数形式。单数形式。（2）as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词是整个主句。从句可位于主句前引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词是整个主句。从句可位于主句前或主句后，也可位于主句中间。或主句后，也可位于主句中间。as 引导的定语从句表示说话人的看法、态引导的定语从句表示说话人的看法、态度或评论，度或评论，as 仍具有仍具有“正如，像正如，像”等意思。等意思。（3）which 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是一个词，也可以是引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句或主句的部分内容。整个主句或主句的部分内容。which
16、 引导的定语从句只能位于主句的后面。引导的定语从句只能位于主句的后面。which 引导的定语从句对主句叙述的内容进行补充说明，常译为引导的定语从句对主句叙述的内容进行补充说明，常译为“这一点，这一点，这件事这件事”等。等。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)The couple were invited to the state banquet，was a great honour to them.(2)was often the case，she forgot to bring her homework.(3)This man，you know，is good for nothing.(4)The
17、se apple trees，I planted three years ago，have not produced any fruits.(5)He said that he had never seen her before，was not true.单句写作单句写作(6)He was a foreigner，（我是从他的我是从他的口音知道的）口音知道的）.(7)John passed the exam，_ （这使他的父母非常开心这使他的父母非常开心）.(8)（美国人都知道美国人都知道），），Mark Twain is a great American writer.which As as
18、 which which as I knew from his accent which made his parents very happy.As is known to Americans 要要 点五点五 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1）形式不同：）形式不同：前者紧跟在先行词后，不用逗号隔开；而后者用逗号和主句隔开。前者紧跟在先行词后，不用逗号隔开；而后者用逗号和主句隔开。（2）功能不同：）功能不同：前者起限定作用，不可省略，否则主句意思不完整；而后者起补充说明作用，省前者起限定作用，不可省略，否则主句意思不完整；而后者起补充说明作用，省
19、略后主句意思仍然完整。略后主句意思仍然完整。（3）关系词不同：）关系词不同：前者所有关系词都可引导，在从句中作宾语时可省略；而后者前者所有关系词都可引导，在从句中作宾语时可省略；而后者 that，why 不能不能引导引导,且均不可省略。且均不可省略。（4）先行词不同：）先行词不同：前者的先行词往往是某一个词；而后者的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是主句的前者的先行词往往是某一个词；而后者的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是主句的一部分一部分,甚至是整个主句。甚至是整个主句。（5）翻译方式不同：）翻译方式不同：前者一般译为定语，而后者一般译为并列分句前者一般译为定语，而后者一般译为并列分句.单句语法填空单
20、句语法填空(1)The man I met in the street was an employer from a famous company.(2)Last night I saw a very good film，was about the great thinker，Confucius.(3)The book，cover is red，is about entertainment.(4)This is the soldier saved the boy in the flood.(5)These men were thieves，turned out to be true.(6)Ch
21、arles Smith，was my former teacher，resigned last year.(7)The next day we arrived in New York，we were interviewed on the radio.(8)The National Day falls on October 1st，he was born.(9)is known to us all，Taiwan belongs to China.(10)Do you have the photo we took together in our primary school?that/who/wh
22、om which whose that/who which that/who where when As that/whichFun time!Listen and complete the conversations.ear to earhead off smileslaughinga smileMatch the expressions you have completed in Activity 5 to their meanings.Think of more expressions about laughter.laugh ones head offlaughing stockbe
23、all smilesgrin from ear to earcrack a smileDiscuss other situations in which you could use these expressions.laughing stock be all smiles grin from ear to ear crack a smile laugh ones head offWork in pairs.About laugh:a good laugh 哈哈大笑哈哈大笑 burst out laughing 放声大笑放声大笑 fall about laughing 忍不住大笑忍不住大笑 f
24、or laughs 为了取乐，作为消遣，借以开心为了取乐，作为消遣，借以开心 have/get the last laugh 笑到最后，取得最后胜利笑到最后，取得最后胜利 He who laughs last,laughs best.笑到最后的人笑得最开心笑到最后的人笑得最开心。giggle;laugh foolishly;simper 傻笑傻笑 grin 咧着嘴笑咧着嘴笑 smile at sb 朝某人微笑朝某人微笑 smile bitterly 苦笑苦笑 smirk 幸灾乐祸地笑幸灾乐祸地笑 snicker;laugh up ones sleeve 窃笑窃笑 tease;make fun
25、of 取笑取笑 Choose the pictures mentioned.dbaca c d1.the washing of the lions2.18th and 19th centuries3.19654.BBC News Channel5.smells to be carried6.19577.a really good harvestDiscuss which of the practical jokes you think is funny.LetLet s start with.s start with.Now,my favourite one.Now,my favourite
26、one.It It s a good one!s a good one!I donI don t get it.t get it.ThatThat s so funny!s so funny!I can imagine!I can imagine!A new student was just finding his way around Harvard University.Excuse me,he asked an upperclassman,can you tell me where the librarys at?What appalling diction,sneered the older student.I cant imagine how you could have been admitted to Harvard.Don t you know better than to end a sentence with a preposition?Ok.can you tell me where the librarys at,asshole?A joke Thank you!
