1、语法概述之词法语法概述之词法单击此处添加副标题英语十大词类分类名称缩写意义实词名词n.代词pron.动词v.形容词adj.副词adv.数词num.虚词介词prep.连词conj.冠词art.感叹词int.英语词类口诀：名代动形副，介连冠感数命名万事万物表动作或状态修饰名词/代词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子表数量/顺序表位置、时间、关系等表并列、递进、转折等表泛指/特指表语气代名词实词可以单独作句子成分，有词形变化；虚词不可以单独作句子成分，没有变形名词的分类名词的数名词所有格一、名词（Noun）类别意义例词专有名词表示特定的人、物、机构、场所等的名词（首字母通常大写）Bill Gates,
2、the Great Wall,Sunday,Rome普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或事物的个体的词 teacher,pen,country,集体名词表示若干个体组成的集体的词，指一群人或一些事物 family,police,class,team,committee不可数名词物质名词一般为表示无法分割、不易数清、某类事物总称或学科的名词 water,milk,salt,paper,tea,furniture,traffic,biology抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、性质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 knowledge,advice,courage,information,friendship
3、名词的数构词情况复数构成形式例词一般情况加-s maps,days,Canadians,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾加-es buses,watches,boxes,brushes以o结尾一般加-s的名词 radios,zoos,bamboos,studios一般加-es的名词 heroes,negroes,tomatoes,potatoes既可加-s，也可加-es cargo货物，volcano火山,motto座右铭以y结尾辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加-es factory-factories,century-centuries元音字母+y结尾，直接加-s boys,days,toys,ho
4、lidays以f或fe结尾变f或fe为v再加-es thief-thieves,life-lives,leaf-leaves,多数直接加-sbeliefs,roofs,safes,proofs,cliffs既可直接加-s,也可变f或fe为v再加-es handkerchief手帕,scarf围巾1.可数名词复数规则变化2.可数名词复数不规则变化manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,toothteeth,goosegeese,childchildren,mousemice3.单复数形式相同的名词deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,means,spe
5、ciesseries,aircraft,spacecraft4.合成名词的复数形式shoe factoryshoe factories woman teacherwomen teachers passer-by _looker-on _ grown-up _sister-in-law _passers-bylookers-ongrown-upssisters-in-law1.由“量词+不可数名词”表达 a piece of paper two pieces of paper2.可修饰不可数名词的词：some，much，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，little，a li
6、ttle，a bit of，a great deal of,a large amount of,a large quantity of,quantities of 5 5、不可数名词的量名词的所有格名词的所有格名词所有格加-s/-s名词单数形式,用s,表示,如:the girls books复数形式,一般在末尾加,如:teachers books;不规则复数名词后加s,如the childrens toys,Womens day以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者,如:Dickens/Dickenss novels表示各自的所有关系时,各名词尾加s如Janes and Marys fathers；表示
7、共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s，如Jane and Marys father表示时间、距离、国家、城市，自然现象等无生命的名词也可用s形式来表示其所有关系，如：three minutes walk 复合名词在最后的名词后加s，如brother-in-laws books所有格后所接名词表示地点时候，地点名词可省略。如：the doctors 借助介词of无生命的物体的名词所有格常用of表示。如：the cover of the book双重所有格如a book of mine,an old friend of Toms 1.(2021新高考卷57）The rolling sea of clo
8、uds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we_(human)are.2.(2021高考甲卷49）we stopped at the different gates and_(watchtower)to take pictures humanswatchtowers不定冠词 a/an定冠词 the零冠词二、冠词（Article）冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。一、不定冠词a/an 不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前。In a university,a
9、 European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool.This is a usual thing.An hour ago,an honest man walked on an island and accepted an honorable task.1.泛指一个人或某物：He saw a dog.2.泛指某一类人或物:A horse is a useful animal.3.表示数量“一”的意思(但数的概念没有one强烈):I bought a book yesterday.不定冠词的基本用法
10、4.表示首次提到的人或物：Long long ago,there was a king whose daughter was very beautiful.5.用在序数词、形容词比较级、最高级前：a second/third cup of tea（再一；又一）a better life 更好的生活 a most handsome young man=very handsome young man 6.抽象不可数名词具体化：a(big)surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 a(great)success一个（件）成功的人（事）a knowledge of English 英语知识a coffee
11、一杯茶 catch a heavy rain 淋了一场大雨7.用在某些固定词组中：a lot of 许多，大量；after a while 过一会儿 as a matter of face 事实上二、定冠词the 定冠词the用法口诀 特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及；世上独一无二，方位名词乐器；某些专有名词；外加姓氏复数；序数词最高级，习语用语特记。不定冠词的基本用法 1.特指人或物:Show me the photo of the boy.2.谈话双方都知道的人或事物:Open the window，please.3.指上文提到的人或事物:I have a car.The car is red.
12、4.指世界上独一无二的事物:the sun/the earth5.序数词,形容词最高级前:the first lesson,the easiest way6.某些专有名词前:the Great Wall,the United States7.某些形容词前,表示某一类人:the poor,the blind8.姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”:the Greens 9.方位词前:on the left10.西洋乐器名称前：play the piano 11.江河湖海，山脉，群岛及国家和党派团体等名词前:the Yangzi River,the Party12.逢十的复数名词或年代、朝代前
13、in the fifties,in the 1870s13.动词+sb+介词(in/at/by)+the+身体部位14.用在某些固定词组中：by the way,in the open air,in the end三、零冠词 零冠词用法口诀下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；专有名词不可数，学科球类和三餐；复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。零冠词的基本用法 1.在大多数专有名词,复数名词和不可数名词前表泛指：Tianan Men Square,water Tigers eat meat.2.名词前已有物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/t
14、hese，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格修饰时。3.在星期，月份，季节，节日前：on Sunday,in March,in spring,on Womens Day4.在称呼，作表语、补语、同位语的职位，头衔的名词前：Tom,Mum They elected him president of the society.5.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类棋类运动名称前:stduy Maths/Chinese,have lunch,paly basketball/chess 6.与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus7.固定搭配中：in surprise,at noon,
15、go to bed,day and night,catch fire,on fire四、用与不用冠词的差异in hospital/prison 住院/住监/in the hospital/prison 在医院/监狱里go to school/church 上学/做礼拜 go to the school/church到学校/教堂on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上in front of 在(外部的)前面/in the front of在(内部的)前面take place发生/take the place(of)代替at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁b
16、y sea乘船/by the sea在海边out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的a third time 又一次/the third time第三次a number of一些,许多 the number of 的数目in a way 某种程度上/in the way 挡路be in charge of 负责/be in the charge of 由负责1.(2021新高考,65)While youre in China,Mount Huangshan is _ must to visit!2.(2020浙江,64)This style
17、 of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then,with_ rise of science,changes began.athe人称代词（主格和宾格）物主代词（形容词性和名词性）反身代词三、代词（Pronoun）相互代词疑问代词指示代词不定代词人称代词物主代词反身代词主格 宾格形容词性名词性I memyminemyselfwe usouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourselfyourselveshehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselftheythem
18、theirtheirsthemselves1.人称代词分为主格和宾格两种形式，主格在句中作主语，宾格作宾语或表语，放动词、介词后。The teacher said he was very proud of us students and we all like him very much.2.形容词性物主代词修饰名词，名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词。My idea is quite different from hers(=her idea).3.反身代词常用词组：by oneself 独自地 for oneself 亲自；为自己 in onesllf 本质上；本身 enjoy
19、oneself 玩的愉快 lose oneself 迷路 help oneself to 随便吃 The customer wanted to see the manager himself.4.相互代词 We should help each other.(两者之间)We should learn from one another.（三者以上之间）The students corrected one anothers mistakes in their homework.5.疑问代词 Who/whom do you meet on the street?Whose pen is lost?W
20、hich do you like best?What happened then?6.指示代词 this/these(近指)that/those(远指)Such is my opinion.My opinion is just the same.I think so.I like it.7.关系代词 引导定语从句，修饰或限定名词（先行词）指人who/that,whom(宾格)，whose（谁的）指物 which/that,whose(谁的)Do you know the girl who/that is in red?This is the house which/that I visited
21、 yesterday?6.不定代词 one 复数为 ones some 肯定句；表示建议或请求的疑问句 any 否定句或疑问句 both 两者都 all 三者及以上都 each 两者及以上，强调个体 every 三者及以上强调整体 either 两者中的一个 neither 两者都不 no=not any none 三者及以上没一个 no one=nobody 没有人 another 三者及以上中的另一个 other 另外一些 the other 两者中的另一个（onethe other）others 很多中的其他的=other+名词复数 the others 剩下的所有=the other+
22、名词复数 few/a few+可数名词复数 little/a little+不可数名词 somebody=someone/something anybody=anyone/anything nobody=no one/nothing everybody=everyone/everything 1.(2021新高考,64)As the song goes,this long and winding road“will never disappear”,and it will always stick in the visitors memory.It sure does in _(I).2.(2
23、021浙江高考,41)She was extremely pretty,and her house was a reflection of _（she）,everything in good taste and in perfect order.3.(2018浙江,58)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap_can be to eat out.mineherselfit形容词的基本用法副词的基本用法4.形容词和副词形容词或副
24、词的原级,比较级和最高级的常用句型形容词、副词相关疑难解析1.形容的基本用法1.这是一座美丽的公园。Its a beautiful park.2.这个动物园既生动又有趣。The zoo is both moving and interesting.3.谁把窗开着的？Who left the window open?4.他最终安然无恙地回来了He finally came back,safe and sound.【结论】形容词在句中一般作定语(修饰名词)、表语、补语、状语(表示主语的状态)。形容词的基本用法2.形容词后置1.今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。There is nothing new i
25、n todays newspaper.2.他是当今世界上健在的最著名的科学家。He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today.3.你还知道别的什么？What else do you know?4.一个男人肩上扛着满满一袋的米。A man carried a bag full of rice on his back【结论】形容词一般作前置定语，但在下列情况作后置定语：(1)修饰不定代词时；(2)当表语形容词alone,awake,alive,asleep,alike等作定语时；(3)else修饰疑问代词和不定代词；(4)形容词构成
26、的短语作定语。3.多个形容词排序1.大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。There is a big round conference table in the hall.2.她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。She lost a small shiny black leather handbag.3.我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。I wanted a blue German sports car.【结论】常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄与新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。即：限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)描绘性形容词(beautiful、interesting)大小、长短、高低形容词形状
27、、年龄、新旧形容词颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词用途、类别形容词 中心名词。1副词的种类时间副词now,today,recently,late,soon,yet等。频率副词often,always,usually,seldom,frequently等。地点、方向副词away,abroad,anywhere,downstairs,home,here,there等。方式副词clearly,carefully,alone,high,quickly等。程度副词almost,a little,much,very,rather,quite,fairly,deeply等。疑问连接副词when,where,wh
28、y,how等。否定副词not,hardly,scarcely,rarely,never等。其他副词even,also,only,too,perhaps等。副词的基本用法二、副词的位置(1)这本书是很有趣的。This book is quite interesting.(2)这男孩已够大，可以上学了。The boy is old enough to go to school.(3他总是乐于助人。He is always ready to help others.(4)我永远也忘不了那天。I will never forget that day.(5)幸运的是，他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。F
29、ortunately,he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men.副词修饰形容词时，应放在被修饰的词之前，但enough必须置于其后。频率副词(always,often,usually,never,seldom,hardly,等)要放在实义动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。连接副词或修饰整个句子做评论性状语的副词多置于句首，作评注性状语。名称结构例句相等 as+原级+asMiss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.as+原级+a/an+单数名词+as He is as honest a man
30、as you.as many+名词复数+as；as much+不可数名词+as I have as many books as you.倍数+as+原级+a This room is three times as large as that one.不及 not as/so+原级+as This building looks not so(as)high as that one.less+原级+than This room is less beautiful than that one.形容词或副词的原级,比较级和最高级的常用句型超过 比较级+than Health is more impor
31、tant than wealth.the+比较级+of the two，表示“两者中较的一个”He is the taller of the two.否定词+比较级 no+比较级+than，表示“两者都不”This book is no more interesting than that one.再不过（可译为“非常，十分”）His work couldnt be worse.程度递增-er+and+-er，more and more+多音节词原级，表示“越来越”The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl becomes more an
32、d more beautiful.注：形容词、副词比较级可用much,even,far,a little,a lot,a bit,rather,still,a great deal 等修饰两种情况同时变化 the+比较级，the+比较级，表示“越，越”The harder he works,the happier he feels.三者或三者以上比较 the+最高级+of/in+比较范围，表示“之中最”Of all things in the world,people are the most precious.one of the+最高级+可数名词复数，表示“中最之一”This is one
33、 of the most important events in modern history.形容词变副词的规则情况构成例词一般情况加-lyquickquickly,bravebravely辅音字母加-y结尾变y为i再加-lyeasyeasily,happyhappily,heavyheavily,busybusilyle结尾去e加-ysimplesimply,gentlegently元音字母加-e结尾去e加-lytruetrulyll结尾只加-yfullfully,dulldullyic结尾加-allybasicbasically,scientificscientifically形容词和副
34、词的比较级和最高级变化规则部分不规则的形容词和副词变化1.下列单词以“ly”结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：friendly、lively、lonely、lovely、deadly（致命的）、ugly、silly（傻的）、likely(可能的)、brotherly(兄弟般的)、timely(及时的)、monthly(每月的)等。注意2.两种形式的副词 有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加后缀“ly”。这两种形式的副词表示的意义不大相同，应加以分辨。close 接近(指距离)closely 仔细地，密切地 free 免费freely 自由地，自如地 deep 深de
35、eply 深刻地，深入地 hard 努力地hardly 几乎不 wide 宽阔widely 广泛地 high 高highly 高度地 late 晚、迟lately 近来 near 邻近nearly 几乎 1.(2020课标全国,66)(certain)during the holiday period,this plant is a must.2.(2020课标全国,62)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their
36、_(fine)work,so that he could choose the best.3.(2021新高考,59)The amazing thing about the spring is that thecolder the temperature gets,the_(hot)the spring!写作微练1.(2020课标全国)Encouraged by my father,I _(学习努力多了)than before.Certainlyfineststudied much harderhotter地点介词 时间介词五、介词Preposition原因介词表工具手段方式的介词表“除之外”
37、的介词介词的种类 1动词与介词的固定搭配2名词与介词的固定搭配(1)常与to搭配的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，introduction(2)常与in搭配的名词：interest，satisfaction，expert(3)常与on搭配的名词：mercy，congratulation(4)常与其他介词搭配的名词：prize for，respect for，victory over，struggle with3形容词与介词的固定搭配(1)与at搭配的形容词：afraid，angry，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，puzzled，fr
38、ightened(5)与to搭配的形容词：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，due(6)与for搭配的形容词：sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry(7)与from搭配的形容词：far，different，free，safe，absent，tired(8)与about搭配的形容词：sorry，worried，anxious，careful，sure，(2)与of搭配的形容词：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，fond，proud，w
39、orthy(3)与with搭配的形容词：angry，strict，careful，busy，popular(4)与in搭配的形容词：weak，strict，rich，interested，successfulof抽象名词形容词of great valuevery valuableof no useuselessa man of wealtha wealthy man【注】同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义会不同。to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”：toones to the of sb.Much to my joy，he was quite from danger.at与某些名词搭
40、配表示“一就”at the sight ofat the thought of1.(2021高考甲卷,42)It was built originally to protect the city_ the Tang dynasty.2.(2019浙江,61)The answer_this question is not clear.into动词分类动词时态六、动词 Verb动词语态一、动词分类类别例子使用特点实义动词/行为动词及物动词tell、make后直接接宾语不及物动词go、arrive后不接宾语或与介词连用后接宾语连系动词be、look、sound后接表语助动词do、be、will、sh
41、all、have本身没有词义，后跟动词原形或分词，构成疑问句或否定句等情态动词can、may、must本身有词义，后跟动词原形构成谓语一、实义动词根据后面是否带宾语，行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词1.及物动词：后可直接接宾语例：They studied English yesterday.2.不及物动词：后不可直接接宾语（要接宾语时必须加介词）例：I arrived in Beijing last night.注：有的动词既可作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。例：She sings very well.She sang an English song just now.考点 2 )及物动词
42、的搭配及物动词+宾语及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语We enjoy listening to music.我们喜欢听音乐。Please give me the book.=Please give the book to me.请把那本书给我。常见的后跟双宾语的动词有：give,bring,buy,lend,pass,teach,throw,tell 等。We saw the girl playing under the tree.我们看到那个女孩正在树下玩。二、系动词系动词不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语三、助动词助动词本身没有词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和别的动词
43、一起构成谓语,帮助构成否定、疑问、强调、省略等结构。四、情态动词本身有一定的词义，但是不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。时间形态现在过去将来过将一般进行完成完进（以do为例）do/doeshave/has donehave/has been doingwill doam/is/aredoingwas/were doinghad donewill be doingwould do didwould be doingwill havedonewould have donehad beendoingwill havebeen doingwould have been doing二、动词的时
44、态Past FutureNowtFuturePast 动词的语态：主动语态和被动语态1.常用被动语态常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的sh
45、ould/can/must/may be asked2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道或者无需指明动作的执行者。The window hasnt been cleaned for weeks.窗户好几周没擦了。(2)强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。All the employees are encouraged to work online at home.所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。(3)在科技文献，文章标题、广告或新闻报道中。Girls Wanted招女工Five-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped!五岁男童遭到绑架!注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not
46、，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,used to,have to,had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in summer.The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.一些重要的无主语被动结构句式：It is believed that人们相信It is generally considered that人们通常认为It is said
47、 that据说It is well known that众所周知It is supposed that人们认为It is reported that据报道It must be admitted that必须承认It is hoped that人们希望注意事项下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：1.系动词+adj:The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.2.表示主语特征功能的动词+副词：The clothes washes well./The book sells well./The door locks easily.3.need/want
48、/require doing（需要）:The window wants/needs/requires repairing.4.be worth doing(值得做某事):The book is worth reading twice.5.adj.+to do 结构：The sentence is easy to understand.6.be to blame(受责备):He is to blame for starting the fire.下面词或短语没有被动态：benefit,cost,own,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,a
49、gree with,keep up with,consist of,run out of等1.(2021新高考,61)You cant help wondering how hard it_(be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.2.(2021浙江高考,45)After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861,they rented the house and_（sell）most of their furniture.wassold数词数词Numeral(num
50、.)Numeral(num.)数词Numeral(num.)基数词one,two,there,four,five,six,seven,ten,twenty,thirty,etc.序数词first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth,tenth,etc.分数1/2(one half),1/3(one third),2/3(two thirds),1/4(one quarter),3/4(three quarters),5/8(five eighths)百分数50%(50 percent)Word-formation&the methods t
