1、专题六并列句复合句清单一清单一 并列句并列句并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中,这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。常见的并列连词1.表示递进或顺承关系:常用的并列连词有and,not only.but also.等。He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.他有很多的钱。他花钱很随便。Not only did he speak more correctly,but also he spoke more easily.他不仅知识清单说得更正确了,而且说起来也更容易了。2.表示选择关系:常用的
2、并列连词有or,either.or.等。Either you are right,or I am.要么你对,要么我对。3.表示对比、转折关系:常用的并列连词有but,yet,whereas,while等。Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the street just now.简说她病了,但刚才我在街上看到了她。He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐。Some of the studies show positive results,whereas other
3、s do not.有一些研究结果令人满意,然而其他的则不然。4.表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有so,for等。It must have rained last night,for it is wet all over.昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。The shops were closed,so I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。5.when也可用作并列连词,意为“那时,这时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.;sb.was about to do/going to do/
4、on the point of doing sth.when.;sb.had just done sth.when.。We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。题组训练用并列连词填空Jobs wants to keep the compa
5、ny small while his wife wants to ex-pand the business.There are many kinds of sports,but my favorite is swimming.Henry is very smart,so many of his classmates like him.清单二清单二 定语从句定语从句定语从句,也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词或关系副词引导,用来限制、描绘或说明主句中的某一个名词或代词(有时也可以说明整个主句或主句中的一部分),即句子作定语。定语从句所修饰的对象被称为先行词。定语从句按其作用可分为限制性定语
6、从句和非限制性定语从句。关系代词和关系副词的作用有:(1)连接作用:引导从句并同时连接主句和从句;(2)替代作用:在从句中替代它前面的先行词;(3)作成分:在从句中充当句子成分。如:主语(who,that,which);宾语(who,whom,which,that);表语(that,as);定语(whose,.of whom/which);时间状语(when),地点状语(where)和原因状语(why)。说明:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,作其他成分时一般不可省略。(一)关系代词的用法1.关系代词用法分类2.关系代词that和which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情
7、况:当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等时。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?You should hand in all that you have.你应该上交你所有的东西。当先行词被the only,the very,any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。This is the very person that Im waiting for.这正是我在等的那个人。The onl
8、y thing that we can do is to give you some advice.我们唯一能做的就是给你一些建议。当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是应对污染的最好方式。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的电影。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.这是去
9、苏州的最后一趟火车。What is the first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么?当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么人和什么事情吗?(2)当先行词指物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况:在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of cou
10、rse,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子都要好,这当然让他们对他很嫉妒。当定语从句中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。This is the school in which I once studied.这是我曾经读过书的学校。3.关系代词who/that,whom和whose的用法当先行词指人:在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,可以省略;在定语从句中作定语时,用whose,不可省略。She is the girl who/that lives next door.
11、(先行词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住在隔壁的那个女孩。Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.(先行词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我教的那个女孩。This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(先行词在定语从句中作定语)这就是那位成绩卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.=This is the house,of w
12、hich the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?这就是莎士比亚出生的那所房子吗?He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给那个男孩10美元洗10扇窗户,这些窗户大多至少一年没擦
13、了。In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个人可以求助。(2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。(3)“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=
14、The beggar has no money that he can buy food with.这个乞丐没有钱买食物。5.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式:(1)其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(as 作主语)我们已找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。These houses were sold at such a low price a
15、s people expected.(as作宾语)这些房子如人们期望的那样以相当低的价格出售了。He is not the same man as he was.(as作表语)他和过去不同了。suchas.the sameas.名词像一样的名词和一样的(2).such as.such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分,定语从句修饰先行词such。This book is not such as I expect.这不是我所期望的书。(as作宾语)6.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还
16、可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could ex-pect.结果天气很好,这一点超出了我们的预料。As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known to everybo
17、dy.众所周知,月球每个月围绕着地球转一圈。(二)关系副词的用法1.当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,on,during)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,un-der)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我仍然记得我第一次来北京那天。Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你
18、能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?2.有时先行词为抽象名词situation,stage,point等,表示模糊化的地点,可用where引导定语从句。The accident has reached a point where both their parents are to be called in.这次事故已经发展到了双方都被叫家长的地步。(三)定语从句用法的其他要点1.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动
19、词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。(1)one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。(2)the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中,泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。
20、(3)当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.众所周知,中国发生了巨大的变化。2.注意way和time后接定语从句的情况(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式,方法”),定语从句中缺宾语时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。(从句中缺少宾语)而当定语从句中缺状语时,引导定语从句的关系词有
21、以下三种形式:thatwhich不填The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to un-derstand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。(从句中缺少状语)(2)先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词during+which引导定语从句。This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。There
22、was a time when/during which there were no radios,telephones or TV sets.thatin which不填曾经有一段时期没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机。题组训练用定语从句的关系词填空Those volunteers are working in areas which are really poor.John was once a good student whose grades fell as he became ad-dicted to playing computer games.The girl was havin
23、g piano lessons at the training center with her sister where she would stay for an hour.Being younger and thinner,she can eat whatever she likes,which I have to give up because of my weight.Tom hid himself behind the door,from where he could hear the steps of his mother clearly.清单三清单三 名词性从句名词性从句名词性从
24、句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是具有名词功能的非独立分句。(一)that引导的名词性从句1.主语从句that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:(1)It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。It is certain that she will do well in the exam.她在考试中一定会发挥出色。It is probable that he will tell he
25、r everything.他可能会告诉她所有的事情。(2)It+be+名词(词组)(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句。Its a pity that we cant go.很可惜我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢得这场比赛并不令人惊奇。(3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,ar-ranged,etc.)+that从句。It is
26、said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到达北京了。It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.已经定了,会议推迟到下周一了。2.宾语从句常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有see,say,know,imagine,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider等。在可以接复合宾语的动词(如:think,make,consider等)之后,可以用it作形式宾语。Do you know(that)he has jo
27、ined the army?你知道他参军了吗?We think it highly probable that he has settled down in America.我们认为他很可能已经定居在美国了。We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.他应当改进他的发音,我们认为这是必要的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他是不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。3.表语从句that引导表语从句时,一般不可省略。My decision is that
28、all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。4.同位语从句that引导同位语从句时,应放在某些抽象名词(如:fact,hope,desire,thought,suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility等)之后,对前面的名词起补充说明的作用,that只起引导同位语从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,但不能省略。Theres a feeling in me that well meet again.我有一种感觉,我们会再见面。(二)whether/if(是否)引导
29、的名词性从句1.表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导不用if;当主语从句放于句首时,也常用whether引导不用if;当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句尾时,用whether或if均可,但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or not时常用whether;discuss后接宾语从句时,只能用whether。Whether the meeting will be held is still a question.(主语从句放于句首)是否要举行会议仍然是一个问题。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主语从句放于句尾)他是否会来这儿现在
30、还不清楚。The question is whether the meeting will be held.(表语从句)问题是是否要举行会议。I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位语从句)我不知道是否要举行会议。2.在介词后只用whether,不用 if。It depends on whether you can do the work well.那要取决于你是否能把这项工作做好。(三)特殊疑问词where,who,how,why等引导的名词性从句1.主语从句特殊疑问词引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语。It makes no d
31、ifference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持会议还没有决定。2.宾语从句(1)能接特殊疑问词引导宾语从句的动词或动词词组有很多,常见的有see,tell,ask,know,decide,find out,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,dis-cuss,understand,inform,advise等。I cant imagine how he did it.我
32、不能想象他是如何做到的。They couldnt understand why I refused it.他们不明白我为什么拒绝。(2)特殊疑问词作介词宾语。It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。We are worrying about what we should do next.我们正在为下一步该做什么而烦恼。3.表语从句The question is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。4.同位语从句My question how I shall get in touch wi
33、th him has not been answered.我如何和他取得联系这一问题还没有得到答复。(四)what或wh-ever引导的名词性从句Whatever he likes will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。What they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.无论谁干了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。She will give whoever needs help warm support.凡是需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。Ill call
34、 the baby whatever name you like.你喜欢什么名字,我就叫这个宝宝什么名字。I can judge by what I know of him.我可以根据我对他的了解来判断。(五)as if/as though,because,why引导的表语从句It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起来好像要下雨。Thats because he didnt work hard enough.那是因为他工作不够努力。That was why I asked for three days leave.那就是我请了三天假的原因。注意:becaus
35、e引导表语从句时,主语不能是reason或cause,而且since,as不能引导表语从句。题组训练用名词性从句的连接词填空What makes them so happy was his sons coming home.There is still some doubt whether they will come.They are not aware of what is taking place.The best moment for the football star waswhen he scored the win-ning goal.Its good to knowthat t
36、he dogs will be well cared for while were away.There are many seats here.You can take whichever seat you like.清单四清单四 状语从句状语从句状语从句是在句中起副词作用的句子。引导状语从句的连词被称为从属连词,状语从句需用陈述句语序,可位于复合句的句首或句末。根据状语从句在句中的不同作用可分为:时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较状语从句。(一)时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:1.when“当时,在期间”。When I lived there,I used to
37、 go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。2.while“在期间”。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.在别人工作时,请别这么大声谈话。3.as“一边一边,随着”。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。注意:如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking
38、down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.我正沿着大街走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。4.as soon as/immediately/directly/the moment/the minute/the second/the instant/no sooner.than./hardly/scarcely.when.“一就,刚就”。The moment I heard the voice,I knew father was coming.一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲来了。No sooner had we arrived at the
39、 station than the train left.我们刚到车站,火车就开走了。The boy burst into laughter immediately he saw his mother.那个男孩一见到他妈妈便大笑起来。注意:no sooner.than.;hardly/scarcely.when.这类结构的时态搭配:no sooner与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,主句应用倒装语序。I had hardly got
40、home when it began to rain.=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.我一回到家就开始下雨了。5.till,until和not.until(1)肯定句:主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词的肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。He remained there till/until she arrived.他一直待在那儿直到她到了。You may stay here till/until the rain stops.你在这里可待到雨停。(2)否定句:主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。H
41、e wont go to bed till/until she returns.直到她回来他才会去睡。(3)not.until句型中的强调和倒装用法:It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型)Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until引导从句置于句首,主句要倒装)直到你告诉我后,我才知道那件事。6.before(1)若表达“还未就;不到就;才;还没来得及就”时,需用连词before。We had sailed four days and fo
42、ur nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他就已经给我量好了尺寸。(2)It will be+一段时间+before.多久之后才。It will be half a year before I come back.半年后我才会回来。7.since(1)since从句的时态若是一般过去时,主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时
43、。I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这里,我已经给家里写了四次信了。She has been working in this factory since she left school.她毕业以后就一直在这个工厂工作。(2)常见句型还有:“It is+一段时间+since从句”。It is three years since the war broke out.自战争爆发以来有三年了。8.every time,each time,next time,the first time,any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语
44、从句,表示“每当;每次;下次”等。Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out.每次我身陷困境,他都会帮我摆脱困境。Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次来这儿时,一定记得带着你儿子。(二)地点状语从句1.引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where,wherever。I found my wallet where I had left it.我在落下钱包的地方找到了它。You are free to go wherever you like.你愿意
45、去哪里就去哪里。2.注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。Youd better make a mark where you have questions.(状语从句)Youd better make a mark in the place where you have questions.(定语从句)你最好在有问题的地方做个标记。(三)原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because,as,since等,每个连词的含义不尽相同。As it is raining,we shall not go to the park.因为在下雨,所以我们不去公园了。Since everybody
46、is here,lets begin our meeting.既然人都到齐了,那就开始开会吧。(四)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:1.in order that与so that两者都意为“以便;为了”,它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词;in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.我会说得慢一些以便你能明白我的意思。In order that we might see the sunrise,we start
47、ed for the peak early.为了能看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶。2.for fear that与in case引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕、担心”某事会发生;in case表示“以防(万一)”出现某种情况。Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby(up).玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。Take your raincoat in case it rains.带上雨衣以防下雨。(五)结果状语从句1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that,so.
48、that.,such.that.。Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都信任他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气这么好,我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.so/thatsoa/ant
49、hatsomany/much/few/little()that形容词 副词从句形容词可数名词单数形式从句少名词从句sucha/anthatsuch/thatsucha lot of/lots ofthat形容词 可数名词单数形式从句形容词 复数名词 不可数名词从句名词从句他赚的钱如此少,以至于养不起他的家人。2.当so或such以及所修饰的部分置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一个如此聪明的学生以至于能解出所有的难题。3.除结果状
50、语从句外,too.to.(太而不能),enough to.(达到某种程度可以),so.as to.(如此以至于)等结构同样可以表示结果。He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.=He got up so late as to miss the bus.他起得太晚了,没有赶上那班公共汽车。(六)条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if(假设;如果),unless(=if.not除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(如果),on condition
