1、1.细节理解题 2.推理判断题 3.主旨大意题 4.词义猜测题 5.文章结构题 五类题型 分类突破专题一 阅读理解 满分方略 第三步A(2017安徽合肥二模安徽合肥二模)Susan Brownwell Anthony was a lady ahead of her time.She fought for womens rights long before it became a popular issue.Susan was born on February 15,1820，in Adams，Massachusetts.At that time，women had few rights.The
2、y could not own property.Money earned by a married woman belonged to her husband.Major decisions regarding children were made by the fathers.Women could not vote.题型突破(九)主旨大意之标题归纳题At the age of 15，Susan became a schoolteacher.She taught for 15 years.Then she began organizing womens groups to promote
3、causes that were important to women.She helped gain better educational rights for women.She helped give married women possession of their earnings.After the Civil War，Susan became very involved in the Womans Suffrage Movement.After years of lecturing，writing，and appealing by Susan and other women，so
4、me parts of the United States changed their laws to give women the right to vote.The first state was Wyoming in 1869.Other areas and states gradually followed Wyomings decision.It was not until 1920 that the US Constitution was changed to give all women voting rights.Susan Brownwell Anthony died in
5、1906 at the age of 86.She was elected to the American Hall of Fame in 1950.She was the first American woman to have a likeness(肖像肖像)of her face on a coin.It was the 1979 Susan Brownwell Anthony dollar.语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了为妇女争取权利的先锋本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了为妇女争取权利的先锋Susan Brownwell Anthony。语篇解读1.What was the si
6、tuation of American women like when Susan was born?A.They had a low social status.B.They could vote after getting married.C.They managed money for their husbands.D.They were responsible for decision-making.答案解析231解析解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“Susan was born on February 15,1820，in Adams，Massac
7、husetts.At that time，women had few rights.”可知当时妇女们的社会地位很低。故选可知当时妇女们的社会地位很低。故选A。2.What is the third paragraph mainly about?A.Susans teaching experiences.B.Susans educational background.C.Susans efforts to abolish slavery.D.Susans fighting for womens causes.答案解析231解析解析段落大意题。根据第三段中的段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Then s
8、he began organizing womens groups to promote causes that were important to women.She helped gain better educational rights for women.She helped give married women possession of their earnings.”可知可知Susan为妇女事业而战。故选为妇女事业而战。故选D。3.What may be the best title for the text?A.The First American Woman to Inve
9、nt CoinsB.The Problem of Women Rights in the USC.The Most Popular Women OrganizationsD.A Pioneer in Fighting for Womens Rights答案解析解析解析标题归纳题。本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了为妇女争取权利的标题归纳题。本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了为妇女争取权利的先锋先锋Susan Brownwell Anthony。故。故D项符合题意。项符合题意。231B(2017广东深圳一模广东深圳一模)Much information can be clearly conveyed，purel
10、y through our eyes，so the expression“eyes also talk”is often heard.Can you recall any experience that further proves this statement?On a bus you may quickly glance at a stranger，but not make eye contact.If he senses that he is being stared at，he may feel uncomfortable.It is the same in daily life.If
11、 you are looked at for more than necessary，you will look at yourself up and down to see if there is anything wrong with you.If nothing goes wrong，you will feel angry toward others stare at you that way.Eyes do speak，right?Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive.But things are
12、different when it comes to staring at the opposite sex.If a man looks at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to turn away his gaze(注视注视)，his intentions are obvious.That is，he wishes to attract her attention，to make her understand that he is admiring her.However，the normal eye contact for tw
13、o people engaged in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time；in order to make sure that the listener does pay attention to what the former is speaking，to tell him that he is attentive.If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking，as if he tries to domi
14、nate you，you will feel uneasy.A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim，since he believes in the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication.In fact，continuous eye contact is confined to lovers only，who will enjoy looking at each other te
15、nderly for a long time，to show affection that words cannot express.Evidently，eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and the specific situation.语篇解读语篇解读本文主要讲述了眼睛也能说话，眼神也能传递信息。本文主要讲述了眼睛也能说话，眼神也能传递信息。语篇解读4.What may a person usually do on a bus?A.Glance at a stranger
16、 with eye contact.B.Use eyes to talk to a stranger politely.C.Glance at a stranger without eye contact.D.Talk to a stranger politely after a quick glance.答案解析5647解析解析细节理解题。根据第二段第二句细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“On a bus you may quickly glance at a stranger，but not make eye contact.”可知答案为可知答案为C。5.What does it mean i
17、f a man looks at a woman for over 10 seconds?A.He likes her eyes.B.He admires her.C.He knows her well.D.He makes contact with her.解析解析细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“If a man looks at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to turn away his gaze(注视注视)，his intentions are obvious.That is，he wishes
18、 to attract her attention，to make her understand that he is admiring her.”可知答案为可知答案为B。答案解析56476.Why is a poor liar easy to be seen through?A.He thinks that he is honest.B.He wants to control the victim.C.He feels uneasy about others eye contact.D.He looks straight at the victim for too long a time.解
19、析解析细节理解题。根据倒数第三段最后一句细节理解题。根据倒数第三段最后一句“A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim，since he believes in the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication.”可知答案为可知答案为D。答案解析56477.What may be the best title for the text?A.Eyes Can SpeakB.Eye Cont
20、act Matters C.Dont Stare at OthersD.Use Your Eye Contact答案解析5647解析解析标题归纳题。本文从第一段就提出主题标题归纳题。本文从第一段就提出主题“眼睛也会说话眼睛也会说话”，然后，然后全文就全文就“眼神能传递信息眼神能传递信息”这一点进行描述，因此答案为这一点进行描述，因此答案为A。C(2017广东揭阳期末调研广东揭阳期末调研)Film director James Cameron first became interested in sea exploration when he was a little boy.His love
21、for the ocean grew after he made the 1989 undersea adventure film The Abyss and the 1997 blockbuster Titanic，one of the most successful movies of all time.Following that big success，James Cameron decided to put his film career on hold to become an explorer.In 2012，James Cameron made a journey to the
22、 deepest spot in the Mariana Trench，known as Challenger Deep.And now the great journey has been made into a documentary(记录片记录片)film，named James Camerons Deep-sea Challenger 3-D.In James Camerons fantasy films，such as Avatar and The Abyss，the unexplored areas are decorated in colours and full of dang
23、er.But on his dive into Challenger Deep，the reality proved far different：white，deserted and dull.“I felt like I had gone to another planet，”Cameron said after returning from the cold and dark place in the Western Pacific Ocean，nearly 7 miles below the surface.“I really have a sense of being separate
24、d and realize how tiny I am down in this big，black and unexplored place.”Cameron captured(获取获取)the moon-like landscape of the deep sea and documented the sea creatures he observed in the ocean.James Camerons Deep-sea Challenger 3-D tells the story of Camerons journey.It is a film about determination
25、，danger and the oceans greatest depths.The movie shows a unique insight into Camerons world when he makes his dream a reality and makes history by becoming the first person to travel alone to the deepest point on the planet.Its an exciting film and inspiring reminder that our beautiful planet still
26、has a lot to explore.语篇解读语篇解读本篇文章主要介绍了美国著名导演卡梅隆及其最新纪录片深海本篇文章主要介绍了美国著名导演卡梅隆及其最新纪录片深海挑战。这部纪录片是根据卡梅隆的亲身经历拍摄的，采用了水下实景挑战。这部纪录片是根据卡梅隆的亲身经历拍摄的，采用了水下实景3D技术，而卡梅隆本人也因此成为全球第一个独自潜入深海探险的人。技术，而卡梅隆本人也因此成为全球第一个独自潜入深海探险的人。语篇解读8.When did James Cameron become interested in the ocean?A.When he was in his childhood.B.Af
27、ter his films The Abyss and Titanic.C.After he achieved great success in movies.D.When he began to explore the deep sea alone.答案解析910811解析解析细节理解题。根据第一段第一句细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Film director James Cameron first became interested in sea exploration when he was a little boy.”可知选可知选A。9.What is the unexplored o
28、cean like?A.Colourful and dangerous.B.Boring and deserted.C.White and attractive.D.Small and dull.答案解析解析解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But on his dive into Challenger Deep，the reality proved far different：white，deserted and dull.”可知选可知选B。91081110.What can we know about James Camerons Deep-sea Chal
29、lenger 3-D?A.It is a film about the exploration of ocean creatures.B.It is a story about Camerons film-making dream.C.It aims to attract more people to explore the deep sea.D.It tells us about Camerons journey into Challenger Deep.答案解析910811解析解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“James Camerons Deep-se
30、a Challenger 3-D tells the story of Camerons journey.”可知选可知选D。11.What is the best title for this passage?A.The Great Dream of a Film DirectorB.A Film Director Exploring Deep SeaC.James Cameron and His Documentary FilmD.The First Person to Make Films About the Deep Sea答案解析910811解析解析标题归纳题。根据文章的大意可知，文章
31、主要介绍了导演卡梅隆标题归纳题。根据文章的大意可知，文章主要介绍了导演卡梅隆以及他的最新纪录片深海挑战。故选以及他的最新纪录片深海挑战。故选C。D(2017全国大联考全国大联考)One afternoon last week，I saw three tearful children from my sons school being comforted by teachers.That morning，my 11-year-old son had stomach pains，retching(干呕干呕)into a bowl.Talking to other mothers later，I h
32、eard about other children with stomachache or difficult sleeping the night before.What caused so much pain?Sports day.Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive independent school，but not at a village primary school.For the children who can fly like the wind，sports day causes no problem.F
33、or those who are overweight or just not good at sport，it is nightmare(噩梦噩梦).Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents，it can prove a disaster.Why do we put our children through this annual suffering?Some may say competition is ch
34、aracter building；or its taking part，not winning，thats important；or that it is a tradition of school life.I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races，wild enthusiasm，lots of shoutingand were fun to watch.More importantly，
35、the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyones eyes.Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less-competitive event.Perhaps an afternoon of team games，with
36、a few races for those who want them，would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.语篇解读语篇解读本文作者通过描述自己本文作者通过描述自己11岁的儿子和几位同学在学校参加完体育比赛岁的儿子和几位同学在学校参加完体育比赛后身体不适的经历，提出了自己对于学校体育比赛改革的观点后身体不适的经历，提出了自己对于学校体育比赛改革的观点将激烈的体育将激烈的体育对抗比赛改为对抗性较小的赛事。对抗比赛改为对抗性较小的赛事。语篇解读12.From the first paragraph
37、，we can learn that .A.the authors son slept wellB.the authors son threw upC.the teacher comforted the authors sonD.the authors son had a pain in stomach答案解析1314121513141215解析解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的细节理解题。根据第一段中的“.I saw three tearful children from my sons school being comforted by teachers.”可知，可知，C选项错误选项错误。根据
38、根据第一段第二句第一段第二句“That morning，my 11-year-old son had stomach pains，retching(干呕干呕)into a bowl.”可知，作者的儿子胃痛、干呕，所可知，作者的儿子胃痛、干呕，所以以B选项错误，选项错误，D选项正确选项正确；A选项没被提及。故选选项没被提及。故选D。13.Which is the best title of the passage?A.School LifeB.A Ban on All GamesC.Blamed Sports DayD.The Benefits of Sports Day答案解析13141215
39、解析解析标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是首段和最后一段可知，作者标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是首段和最后一段可知，作者极力反对运动日。故选极力反对运动日。故选C。14.What can we learn about team games?A.They are fun to organize.B.They are accepted by different children.C.They are thrilling all the time.D.They are less fun for those who love running.答案解析解析解析推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可以推断出，作者认为
40、团体比推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可以推断出，作者认为团体比赛能被不同的学生接受。故选赛能被不同的学生接受。故选B。1314121515.Which of the following is TRUE about sports day according to the passage?A.Fat children like it.B.It always causes trouble.C.It is a tradition of school life.D.It is necessary in all schools.答案解析1314121513141215解析解析细节理解题细节理解题。B、D两项
41、太绝对两项太绝对；A项和原文矛盾项和原文矛盾；根据根据第三段第二句第三段第二句“Some may say competition is character building；or its taking part，not winning，thats important；or that it is a tradition of school life.”可知，运动日是学校生活的传统。故选可知，运动日是学校生活的传统。故选C。专题一高考作文专项突破专项突破一三类热点作文的审题立意千古文章意为高。“意犹帅也，无帅之兵，谓之乌合。”作文的“意”就是作文的“帅”，可见审题立意之重要。立意直接关系到文章的选
42、材、布局，乃至文章的深度。立意是决定考场作文脱颖而出的重要因素。因此，我们必须掌握常见作文的审题立意的方法。类型一一般文字材料作文的审题立意（一）提炼中心法这是写材料作文最为常见和稳妥的审题立意的方法。如果能准确提炼材料的中心，并以之作为文章的主旨，那么所写文章定能既切题又有深度。那么，如何提炼中心呢？考生在审题时要透过现象看本质，从列举的现象中概括出规律（或材料中心）的内容。具体操作时，一般可分为三步：1.概括中心（人物事件结果）；2.提炼道理（一般有关键词句提示）；3.组织观点句，并将其压缩成主谓宾完整的句子。【例1】阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。秋天，雁群为过冬而朝
43、南方迁徙，沿途以“V”字队形飞行，当每一只大雁展翅拍打时，其他的大雁立刻跟进，整个雁群随之抬升。借着“V”字队形，整个雁群比每只大雁单飞时，至少增加了71%的飞升能力。最重要的是，雁群从不会丢下队友不管，假如一只大雁因生病或受伤而脱队时，会有两只大雁脱队跟随它，并帮助和保护它，直到那只大雁能够独立飞行或死掉，它们才会飞走。要求选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。（1）请提炼这则材料的中心：_（2）确定你的文章立意：_【写作提示】此题属于材料作文，材料叙述的是自然界中鸟类的迁徙现象。审题时先要弄清材料的中心内容。材料叙述的是雁群向南方迁徙
44、时的两个场景：一是雁群呈“V”字队形飞行；二是有一只大雁脱队时，会有两只大雁跟随着帮助和保护它，直到那只大雁能够独立飞行或死掉。然后可以从中提炼出中心：从材料中雁群飞行时呈“V”字队形，使“整个雁群随之抬升”“整个雁群比每只大雁单飞时，至少增加了71%的飞升能力”，可以提炼出团队的力量等相关信息；从一只大雁掉队，会有两只大雁留下来帮助它，可以提炼出团结互助、朋友间相互关怀等相关信息。【立意参考】（1）团结互助；（2）团结起来力量大；（3）个人与集体不可分割；（4）要有团队精神。（二）抓关键词句法对于材料作文而言，考生在审题立意时除了要整体把握材料内容，提炼材料中心外，还要能抓住材料的关键语句和
45、词语，领悟材料的内涵和主旨，再对内涵和主旨进行拓展和挖掘。我们知道，材料中的关键词句往往是“文眼”，材料的主旨蕴含其中，所以可以将关键词句作为把握材料进行审题立意的突破口。值得注意的是，材料中的关键句往往是人物的评论性语句、命题者的提示性语言等。【例2】阅读下面的材料，按要求作文。经过了九十年的沧桑漂泊，一位诗人终于站在了上帝的面前，上帝很纳闷地问他：“我让你这一生经历这么多坎坷蹉跎，承担生命所不能承受之重，奇怪的是你一直都面带笑容，你能告诉我你是如何做到的吗？”诗人淡然微笑：“告诉苦难，我们是糖。”请根据上述材料，结合自身实际，自选角度，自定立意，自拟题目，明确文体，写一篇不少于800字的文
46、章。（1）请找出这则材料的关键句：_（2）确定你的文章立意：_【写作提示】对于本题而言，考生运用抓关键词句法就可明确该材料作文的立意。材料最后诗人的那句话“告诉苦难，我们是糖”便是关键语句。“苦难”与“糖”，一苦一甜，相互对立，又相互中和。“糖”在材料中可以有多种理解，因此考生可以得到多种立意。【立意参考】（1）把“糖”理解为从容、乐观的心态，可以立意为面对苦难，要有从容的心态；（2）把“糖”理解为接受挑战，可以立意为品读苦难，在苦难中勇于接受挑战；（3）把“糖”理解为生活中的调味品，可以立意为人生虽有苦难，但我们要从苦难的人生中品尝到“甜”。（三）由果溯因法事物都是互相联系的。比如，有很多事
47、物就是以因果关系的形式存在的。写材料作文，审题时如果能由材料中列举的现象或结果推究出造成所列现象或结果的本质原因，往往能找到最佳的立意。这种方法特别适用于叙事类材料作文。【例3】阅读下面的材料，按要求立意。一个六岁的孩子，放学回家后，拿起刀子就要切苹果。只见他让苹果横躺下，一边是花蒂，一边是果把，刀子放在中间。刚要切，爸爸赶忙喊到：“切错了！切错了！”话音刚落，苹果早已被切开，儿子拿起一半给爸爸看，喊到：“爸爸快看，好漂亮的一颗五角星！”只见苹果的横断面上，由果核的轮廓组成了规则的五角星。请运用“由果溯因法”确定你的文章立意：_【写作提示】为什么会出现五角星图案？是小孩子不按常规而横切苹果。【
48、立意参考】创造性思维能获得意料不到的成功。（或：创造来源于创新。）（四）由物及人法写材料作文时，有寓意的材料或叙述“物”的材料，需要学生采用“由物及人”的横向联想法进行立意，即由材料中的物联想到人，进而联想到与材料内容相类似的人生哲理、社会现象等，从而提炼出写作的观点。这种方法特别适用于寓言材料类作文和图画类材料作文。【例4】阅读下面的材料，按要求立意。据深圳风采周刊报道，不久前浙江嘉定徐行镇发生了一件怪事，一位朱姓村民家中的小猫竟被老鼠活活咬死了。德国海德堡大学教授穆勒博士在分析研究城市老鼠猖獗的原因时指出：当代城市中的猫，处于一种恶性循环中，一方面是因为猫已普遍家养，有充足的食物而不必以捕
49、鼠为生；另一方面是因为猫无法从老鼠体内获取一种名为牛磺酸的物质这种物质能提高猫的夜视能力，于是现在家养的猫几乎丧失了夜视能力，捕鼠的能力也就越来越差，因此老鼠咬死猫就不奇怪了。请运用“由物及人法”确定你的文章立意：_【写作提示】上述材料中的主要叙述对象是小猫，立意时可以把小猫想象成人，如青少年，把饲养小猫的主人想象成青少年的父母，并由“小猫被老鼠活活咬死”联想到如今的青少年由于父母溺爱、家庭生活条件优裕等，逐渐丧失了自食其力的能力，从而提炼出文章的立意。【立意参考】只有放手让孩子在生活的风雨中经受磨炼，才能培养他们的生存能力。（五）明确褒贬法有些材料作文，材料中的语句常常蕴涵着命题者的褒贬情感
50、，审题时学生必须充分捕捉这些语言信息，细致体会命题者的感情色彩，这样才能根据命题者的感情倾向确立最佳的立意角度。【例5】阅读下面的材料，按要求答题。武汉市的珞珈山，是武汉大学的所在地。山上有闻名遐迩的樱花园。每年的樱花时节，游人如织。总见一些青年朋友穿着和服在樱花丛中摄影留念。一次，一位在武汉留学的韩国青年见此大为不解，她对她的导师说：“他们为什么要穿着和服去照相呢？我们韩国也有樱花，但从没有人穿着和服去同樱花照相。”她的导师苦笑了一下，无言以对。（1）请找出体现这则材料的褒或贬的语句：_（2）确定你的文章立意：_【写作提示】这则材料从导师的“苦笑”“无言以对”来看，表现了导师对那些穿着和服照
