1、山东科技大学山东科技大学 20192019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试年全国硕士研究生招生考试基础英语试卷基础英语试卷PART I GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY(20 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are fourwords or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1.My aunt trie
2、d her best to _ the situation,but the damage was already done.A)adjustB)regulateC)rectifyD)amend2.An actor cannot well play the role without life experience _ a dancer can make a differencewithout much practice.A)no less thanB)no more thanC)any more thanD)much more than3.Our neighbors are so reserve
3、d and unfriendly that they never speak to us.The underlined part means_.A)aloofB)relievedC)airyD)resistant4.A recent survey shows that most adolescents eat _ as they actually need every day.A)protein as three times muchB)three times protein as muchC)three times as much proteinD)protein as much three
4、 times5.The reception was attended by _ members of the city council.A)excellentB)conspicuousC)noticeableD)prominent6.Id _his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and thenmake a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A)take into accountB)account forC)make up for
5、D)make out7.The university has launched a research center to develop new ways of _ bacteria whichhave become resistant to drug treatments.A)regulatingB)haltingC)interruptingD)combating8.Encouraged by their culture to voice their opinions freely,the Canadians are not afraid to go againstthe group _ a
6、nd will argue their viewpoints enthusiastically,though rarely aggressively.A)consentB)conscienceC)consensusD)consciousness9.The young couple were quite excited by the _of having their first child.A)perspectiveB)prospectC)futureD)foresight10.There used to be a bus station near your parents house,_?A)
7、didnt itB)doesnt thereC)usednt thereD)didnt there11.Those businessmen want the government to abolish the tax on alcohol.The underlined part means_.A)cancelB)eraseC)repealD)resent12.Its easy for us to blame those blind investors for their letting greed get the better of them.Theunderlined part means
8、_.A)controlB)defeatC)influenceD)weaken13.The teachers union _ a lawsuit against the district calling for repairing“deplorable”school conditions.A)filedB)firedC)finedD)filled14.A 15-year-old girl has been arrested _ accusations of using Instagram to anonymouslythreaten her high school.A)overB)withC)o
9、nD)for15.That outburst at the meeting was _ of his bad temper.A)illustrativeB)explanatoryC)expositoryD)revealing16.There is no tangible evidence of dishonesty among the directors of the company.The underlinedpart means _.A)tenuousB)authenticC)condescendingD)substantial17.The Civil War provided an im
10、petus to Michigans growth.The underlined part means _.A)an incentive toB)an obstacle toC)a reason forD)a delay in18.The research requires more money than _.A)have been put inB)has been put inC)being put inD)to be put in19.Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because i
11、ts subject was very_.A)intriguingB)indefiniteC)obscureD)dubious20.High grades are supposed to _ academic ability,but his actual performance did notconfirm this.A)certifyB)clarifyC)classifyD)notifyPART II READING COMPREHENSION(40 points)Directions:There are four passages in this section.Each passage
12、is followed by some questions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You shoulddecide on the best choice and write the answer on the Answer Sheet.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers,it was
13、 self-evident that there is something calledhuman nature,something that constitutes the essence of man.There were various views about whatconstitutes it,but there was agreement that such an essence exists,that is to say,there is something byvirtue of which man is man.Thus man was defined as a ration
14、al being,as a social animal,an animalthat can make tools,or a symbol-making animal.More recently,this traditional view has begun to be questioned.One reason for this change wasthe increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man.An examination of the history ofhumanity suggested that man
15、in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemedunrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called“humannature”.The historical approach was reinforced,particularly in the United States,by studies in thefield of cultural anthropology.The
16、study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity ofcustoms,values,feelings,and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man isborn as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.Another factor contributing to thetendency to deny the assumption of a fi
17、xed human nature was that the concept has so often beenabused as shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed.In the name of human nature,forexample,Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery.Or in order toprove the rationality and necessity of the capitalis
18、t form of society,scholars have tried to make a casefor acquisitiveness,competitiveness,and selfishness as innate human traits.Popularly,one referscynically to“human nature”in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed,murder,cheating and lying.Another reason for skeptic
19、ism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence ofevolutionary thinking.Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution,the idea ofa substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable.Yet I believe it is precisely from anevolutionary standpoint that
20、we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.21.The traditional view of“human nature”was strongly challenged by _.A)the emergence of the evolutionary theoryB)the historical approach to manC)new insight into human behaviorD)the philosophical analysis of slavery22.According to the p
21、assage,anthropologists believe that human beings _.A)have some traits in commonB)are born with diverse culturesC)are born without a fixed natureD)change their characters as they grow up23.The author mentioned Aristotle,a great ancient thinker,in order to _.A)emphasize that he contributed a lot to de
22、fining the concept of“human nature”B)show that the concept of“human nature”was used to justify social evilsC)prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of“human nature”D)support the idea that some human traits are acquired24.The word“untenable”(Line 3)in the last paragraph of the passage
23、most probably means_.A)invaluableB)imaginableC)changeableD)indefensible25.Most philosophers believed that human nature _.A)is the quality distinguishing man from other animalsB)consist of competitiveness ad selfishnessC)is something partly innate and partly acquiredD)consists of rationality and unde
24、sirable behaviorQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management,the more theyseem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid.The newcomers also tend tosee office matters with a fresh eye,in the p
25、rocess sometimes coming up with critical analyses of theforces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead.Colemanis black.He spent 11 years with IBM,half of them working in management development,and nowse
26、rves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T,Coca-Cola,Prudential,and Merch.Coleman says thatbased on what hes seen at big companies,he weighs the different elements that make for long-termcareer success as follows:performance counts a mere 10%,image,30%;and exposure,a full 60%.Coleman concludes that e
27、xcellent job performance is so common these days that while doing yourwork well may win you pay increases,it wont secure you the big promotion.He finds thatadvancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work,and how high upthey are.Ridiculous beliefs?Not to many people,especiall
28、y many women and members of minority raceswho,like Coleman,feel that the scales have dropped form their eyes.“Women and blacks inorganizations work under false beliefs,”says Kaleel Jamison,a New York-based managementconsultant who helps corporations deal with these issues.“They think that if you wor
29、k hard,youll getaheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.”She adds,“Mostwomen and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex orcolor that they play down their visibility.”Her advice to those folks:learn the ways that white
30、maleshave traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.26.According to the passage,“things formerly judged to be best left unsaid”(Line 2,Para.1)probablyrefers to“_”.A)criticisms that shape everyones experienceB)the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC)the tendencies that he
31、lp the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD)the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization27.To achieve success in your career,the most important factor,according to the passage,is to_.A)let your superiors know how good you areB)project a favorable image
32、 to the people around youC)work as a consultant to your superiorsD)perform well your tasks given by your superiors28.The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _.A)know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB)want to give people the impressio
33、n that they work under false beliefsC)dont want people to think that their promotion was due to sex or colorD)believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color29.The author is in favor of the opinion that Colemans beliefs are _.A)biasedB)popularC)insightfulD)superficial30.The best title
34、for this passage would be _.A)Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB)The Importance of Being VisibleC)Job Performance and AdvancementD)Sex and Career successQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.A bull grazes on dry wheat husks in Logan,Kansas,one of the regions hit by the recor
35、d droughtthat has affected more than half of the U.S.and is expected to drive up food prices.Leading waterscientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies,saying that theworlds population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 yea
36、rs toavoid catastrophic shortages.Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow morefood in an increasingly climate-unstable world,the scientists said.Animal protein-rich food consumes5 to 10 times more water than a vegetarian diet.One third of the worlds
37、 arable land is used to growcrops to feed animals.Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing tradebetween countries in food surplus and those indeficit.“900 million people already go hungry and 2 billion people are malnourished in spite of the factthat per capita food prod
38、uction continues to increase,”they said.“With 70%of allavailable waterbeing in agriculture,growing more food to feed an additional 2 billion people by 2050 will placegreater pressure on available water and land.”The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockh
39、olm,Sweden,where 2,500 politicians,UN bodies,non-governmental groups and researchers from 120countries meet to address global water supply problems.Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensify pressure on essentialresources,the scientists said.“The UN predicts that we
40、must increase food production by 70%bymid-century.This will place additional pressure on our already stressed water resources,at a timewhen we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demandwhich is expected to rise60%over the coming 30 yearsand to generate electricity for the 1.3 b
41、illion people currently withoutit,”said the report.Overeating,undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production mayface future constraints from water scarcity.“We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future,”said the reports editor,AndersJagerskog.A separate rep
42、ort from the International Water Management Institute(IWMI)said the best wayfor countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asiawas to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology,rather than to develop expensive,large-scale irrigation proje
43、cts.“Farmers across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale,locally-relevant water solutions.These techniques could increase yields up to 300%and add tens ofbillions of U.S.dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia.”said Dr.Colin
44、Chartres,the director general.31.What can be inferred from the water scientistswarning?A)The record drought forces half of the U.S.to go hungry.B)The record drought drives up food prices m the U.S.C)Severe food shortage may happen without proper measures.D)Avegetarian diet is the only option to avoi
45、d disastrous shortages.32.What do the scientists say can be done to increase food supply?A)Grow more animal protein-rich food.B)Turn pastures into arable lands.C)Promote trade between countries self-sufficient in food.D)Increase the amount of water for food production.33.According to the water scien
46、tistsreport,_.A)per capita food production has been increasingB)reduced food supply will make more people malnourishedC)70%of water will be used to feed 2 billion people by 2050D)researchers begin to seek solutions to tackle water problem34.In regard to the problem of water supply,scientists believe
47、 _.A)more water should be allocated to satisfy energy demandB)food production must be increased to 70%by mid-centuryC)energy demand will intensify pressure on water resourcesD)electricity generation must be increased by 60%30 years later35.What does the IWMI say is the best solution to food insecuri
48、ty in sub-Saharan Africa and southAsia?A)Applying small pumps and simple technology.B)Launching large-scale irrigation projects.C)Increase the local household revenues.D)Investing in a new expensive irrigation project.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.War may be a natural express
49、ion of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in thehuman species.Natural impulses of anger,hostility,and territoriality are expressed through acts ofviolence.Theses are all qualities that humans share with animals.Aggression is a kind of innatesurvival mechanism,an instinct for self-pres
50、ervation,that allows animals to defend themselves fromthreats to their existence.But,on the other hand,human violence shows evidence of being a learnedbehavior.In the case of human aggression,violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct.Manyexpressions of human violence are always conditioned by
