1、Unit 1 Science and scientistsWords and ExpressionsRead the words and expressions after the video.串记拓展词汇串记拓展词汇1.severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 adv.严重地；严格地；严厉地 2.frustrated adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的 vt.使懊丧;使懊恼 3.contradictory adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的 vt.反驳;相矛盾 4.infect vt.使感染；传染 n.感染；传染 5.proof n.证据；证明；检验 v.证明；被发现是 sever
2、elyfrustratecontradictinfectionprove6.multiple adj.数量多的;多种多样的 v.乘;乘以;成倍增加 7.intervention n.介入;出面;干涉 vi.介入;干涉 8.transform vt.使改观;使改变形态vi.改变;转变 n.转化 transformation【掌握构词规律快速记牢单词】后缀-ion常用于字母t结尾的动词之后构成名词，如:infect infection 感染select selection 挑选elect election 选举collect collection 收集multiplyintervene9.thin
3、king n.思想；思维；见解 v.想；考虑 n.思想者；思考者 n.想法 10.finding n.发现；调查结果；(法律)判决 vt.找到；发现 11.initial adj.最初的 开始的;第一的 adv.起初 thinkthinkerthoughtfindinitially【掌握构词规律快速记牢单词】动词+-er/-or结尾的词往往表示人或用具，例如:farm farmer 农民/夫 bake baker 面包师 visit visitor 访问/参观者 profess professor 教授；教师cook cooker 炊具12.mechanic n.机械师；机械修理工 adj.机
4、械的；发动机的；机器的 13.defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 n.防卫 adj.防御的 14.assistant n.助理；助手 vt.&vi.帮助；协助；援助 n.帮助；援助 15.leadership n.领导；领导地位；领导才能 vi.&vt.领导；导致 n.领导者；首领 adj.领先的；主要的 mechanicaldefencedefensiveassistassistanceleadleaderleading16.brilliant adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 n.透明度；亮度；光彩 adv.精彩绝伦地；光彩夺目地 brilliancebrilliantly【掌握构词规律快
5、速记牢单词】后缀-ance/-ence，往往放在动词的后面构成名词，表示“行为或者性质”，例如:appear appearance 出现，外貌 prefer preference 偏爱guide guidance 指引，指导 prefer preference 偏爱，偏好perform performance 表演，节目 exist existence 存在，生存17.gifted adj.有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的 n.天赋;礼物 18.fault n.弱点；过错 adj.有错误的；有缺点的 19.vivid adj.生动的;鲜明的;丰富的 adv.清晰地;生动地 giftfaultyv
6、ividly1.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.(教材原句)作为一名年轻的医生,约翰斯诺变得沮丧,因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。frustrated adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的【归纳拓展归纳拓展】feel frustrated at/with 对感到沮丧/懊恼frustration n.沮丧frustrate vt.使沮丧frustrating adj.令人沮丧的【背佳句背佳句】Be cool when you are ha
7、ppy,calm when you are frustrated.得意时淡然,失意时泰然。练出神 单句填空 My camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take,I grew(frustrate).Several more days went by and the youths feelings of _(frustrate)increased.Finding your first job can be both a rewarding and(frustrate)experience.frustra
8、tedfrustrationfrustrating写精彩 完成句子背诵令他懊恼的是，他的儿子感染了流感病毒。_ _ _ _ _ _ his son was infected with the flu virus.What made him frustrated was that图形助记图形助记 frustrate vt.使沮丧frustrating adj.令人沮丧的frustration n.沮丧frustrated adj.沮丧的2.The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or wat
9、er.(教材原句)另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。infection n.感染;传染【归纳拓展归纳拓展】prevent infection防止感染 skin infection皮肤感染be infected with被感染 a highly infectious disease传染性极高的疾病infectious adj.传染性的【背佳句背佳句】This virus infected thousands of computers within days.这种病毒在短短几天内感染了数千台计算机。练出神 单句填空There is a virus that(infect)word-p
10、rocessing documents recently.The open wound soon became(infect).写精彩 完成句子背诵她那快乐的情绪和笑声感染了全班。(应用文写作之活动介绍)Her cheerful spirits and laughter _ _ _ _.infectsinfectedinfect(ed)the whole class3.Snow subscribed to the second theory.(教材原句)斯诺赞同第二种理论。subscribe to 同意;赞同subscribe vi.定期订购;定期交纳(会费);认购(股票)【归纳拓展归纳拓展】
11、subscribe to an animal protection society向一个动物保护协会捐款subscribe to a magazine订阅一本杂志subscribe for 认购(股份)subscriber n.订阅人,订购者;定期捐款者【名师点津名师点津】subscribe to意为“同意，赞成”时，to为介词，后常跟view,belief,theory等名词作宾语。【背佳句背佳句】Our monitor put forward a suggestion that our class should subscribe to some magazines and the tea
12、cher subscribed to his suggestion.我们班长提出了我们班应该订购一些杂志的建议，老师同意了他的建议。练出神 写出黑体词的含义 You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as$32 a year.I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of my life.Existing shareholders subscribed for only 49%of the new share issue.写精彩 完成句
13、子背诵有很多种杂志,你可以订阅你感兴趣的。(应用文写作之活动介绍)There are multiple magazines and you can _ _ _ _that you are interested in.订阅订阅同意同意认购认购subscribe to the ones4.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.(教材原句)斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。suspect vt.&vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象【归纳拓展归纳拓展】suspect sb of(doing)sth怀疑某人(做了)某事suspect sb to
14、 be.怀疑某人是 suspect that.怀疑a murder suspect犯罪嫌疑人【名师点津名师点津】“动词+宾语+of”的动词短语还有:warn sb of sth.警告某人某事inform sb of sth.通知某人某事remind sb of sth.提醒某人某事accuse sb of sth.指责某人某事【背佳句背佳句】What she said sounded convincing,but I suspect it to be a lie.她的话听起来像那么回事,但我认为那是谎话。练出神 单句填空 The man,(suspect)of casting stones a
15、t the car,was arrested by the police.(suspect)nothing,he walked right into the ward.We suspected the man(be)a cheat at first but it turned out an outstanding astronomer.写精彩 一句多译背诵 警察怀疑钱是他拿的。The police the money.The police the money.suspectedSuspectingto besuspected him of having takensuspected that
16、he had taken5.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.(教材原句)斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。blame vt.把归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责【归纳拓展归纳拓展】blame sb for(doing)sth因(做)某事责备某人 blame sth on.把某事归咎于 be to blame(for sth)(对某事)负有责任take the blame for对承担责任put/lay/place the blame for sth on.把某事归咎于【名师点津名师点津】be to blame短语中blame不能用被动形式,该短
17、语为主动形式表示被动含义。【背佳句背佳句】Bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。练出神 单句填空Which driver was to blame the severe accident?This is not his fault.I am(blame)for not having made the whole thing clear to him.The police blamed the traffic accident Jacks careless driving.写精彩 句式升级背诵As the boy was blamed by hi
18、s teacher,he was in low spirits.(改为过去分词短语作状语),the boy was in low spirits.forto blameonBlamed by his teacher6.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.(教材原句)因此，他把水泵的手柄拆除了，这样水泵就不能用了。handle n.把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)【归纳拓展归纳拓展】handle a machine操纵机器 handle a prob
19、lem处理问题the handle of the door门把手 get a handle on sth开始了解/掌握某事【背佳句背佳句】If you do,you wont be able to handle it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that ruins everyones day.如果你这样做(自我设限)的话，就无法解决问题了，整个事情会发展成不愉快的场面，破坏每个人一天(的心情)。练出神 单句填空 The suspect said he had never(handle)a gun befo
20、re.We all have to learn(handle)pressure.He turned handle and opened the door.写精彩 完成句子背诵由于这里没有人知道机器出了什么毛病，我们必须请一位工程师来处理。(应用文写作之建议信)As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine,we must send for an engineer _ _ _ _.handledto handletheto handle the problem7.Through Snows tireless efforts,water co
21、mpanies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.(教材原句)在斯诺的不懈努力下,自来水公司开始销售干净的水,在世界范围内霍乱的威胁大幅度减少。【归纳拓展归纳拓展】decrease to.减少到 decrease by.减少了decrease from.to.从减少到 on the decrease正在减少decrease n.减少;降低;减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低【辨析辨析】decrease指逐渐地、不断地减
22、少lessen指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少reduce普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少【背佳句背佳句】People who dont want to climb tend to decrease.不想往上爬的人往往会减少。练出神 单句填空 It is said that the average house prices may decrease 3%next year because of the intervention of the government.The charge for transportation is the decrease because of lowe
23、r fuel costs.The sales of this product have decreased five million _two million.byonfromto写精彩 一句多译背诵由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目在减少。(decrease)Because of human activities,the number of some rare animals.Because of human activities,the number of some rare animals.is on the decreaseis decreasing8.Fortunately,we no
24、w know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.(教材原句)幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。thanks to 幸亏;由于【归纳拓展归纳拓展】表示“因为；由于”的短语:due to 由于；因为 because of 由于；因为 on account of 由于owing to 由于；因为 as a result of 由于的结果【背佳句背佳句】Thanks to the recent research,vaccines against the flu virus are available.多
25、亏近来的研究，才有了抵抗流感病毒的疫苗。练出神 单句填空(owe)to the help from his comrades,he has made rapid progress.Thanks his help,I finished my work on time.His school work is suffering because family problems.Owingtoof写精彩 一句多译背诵他由于突然头疼起来未能去参加宴会。He wasnt able to attend the party his sudden headache.(result)He wasnt able to
26、 attend the party his sudden headache.(account)He wasnt able to attend the party his sudden headache.(owing)as a result ofon account ofowing to9.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.(教材原句)此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.
27、改变；转变【归纳拓展归纳拓展】transform.into.使变成transform.from.into.把从变成transformation n.转型;转化【背佳句背佳句】(2020浙江卷)I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful.我学到了很多关于如何延伸事物的生命并将它们转化为新的和有用的东西。练出神 单句填空 The magician transformed the handkerchief a bird.Life in
28、Britain(transform)by the appearance of the steam engine in the past.Going to college brought about a great (transform)in his outlook.写精彩 词汇升级背诵 To our amazement,she changed the clay into a beautiful sculpture in an instant.(升级加黑词汇)To our amazement,she the clay into a beautiful sculpture in an instan
29、t.intowas transformedtransformationtransformed10.This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work.(教材原句)这时你本应该冷静下来，做一些实际的工作。solid adj.可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n.固体【归纳拓展归纳拓展】solid against一致反对的 solid for一致赞成的a solid foundation for坚实的基础 different solids不同的固体【背佳句背佳句】The process of heat
30、ing is to change something from a solid to a liquid.加热的过程使某物由固态转变为液态。练出神 单句填空 He is still too ill to take(solid).This has provided a very solid foundation the group to grow.The members were solid the idea because it was harmful to their interests.写精彩 完成句子背诵 我决定在这个坚实的基础之上继续努力。I am determined to work
31、harder on this .solidsforagainstsolid foundation11.A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid,but if you put any pressure on it,it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.(教材原句)一种非牛顿流体是很奇怪的，因为你可以像液体一样把它倒出来，但是如果你对它施加任何压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。【归纳拓展归纳拓展】pour out涌出;倒出 pour in涌入 pour into
32、朝里面倒pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)【背佳句背佳句】Pour water into a sieve.竹篮打水一场空。练出神 写出黑体词的含义 He got up and poured himself another drink.Blood was pouring from his broken nose.It was still pouring outside.Food donations have poured in from all over the country.写精彩 完成句子背诵 当火灾爆发时，很多顾客从超市里涌了出来。When the fire broke out,ma
33、ny customers _ _ _ _.倒倒涌出涌出(雨雨)倾盆而下倾盆而下涌入涌入poured out of thesupermarket12.However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.(教材原句)然而，在1932年淞沪会战爆发后
34、，钱学森做出了把他的专业改为航空专业的决定，因为他意识到中国需要自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发【名师点津名师点津】break out,take place,happen,occur都有“发生”之意,都不能用于进行时态,也不能用于被动语态。【背佳句背佳句】After the epidemic broke out,the whole country united together and overcame it.流行传染病暴发后,全国人民团结在一起,并且战胜了它。【归纳拓展归纳拓展】break down(机器)损坏；破坏；(身体/精神)
35、垮下来；感情失去控制break up 拆散，分开；驱散，解散；分手break in 强行闯入，侵入；插话break into 闯入，侵入；突然发出/做出break off 折断；中断；停止说话；(工作中)稍作休息break through突破练出神 单句填空A neighbour asked for the music to be turned down and the party broke.Her friends came to help her when the war broke.The two countries broke diplomatic relations because
36、of war.(2020天津卷)The“HAPPY TO CHAT”benches help break the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.At last,those doctors broke in their fight against heart disease.upoutoffdownthrough写精彩 完成句子背诵 如果你不注意定期锻炼,你的身体会垮掉。(应用文写作之建议信)_ _ _ _ _if you dont pay attention to regular exercise.Yo
37、ur health will break down13.However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.(教材原句)然而，在1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森做出了把他的专业改为航空专业的决定，因为他意识到中国需要自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国
38、家。defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解【归纳拓展归纳拓展】defend oneself自卫;为辩护 defend against抵御defend sb from/against保护某人免受defence n.防御;保卫 in defence of为了保卫【背佳句背佳句】Like to keep our promise to defend your honor.遵守诺言就像捍卫你的荣誉一样。练出神 单句填空(2020天津卷)“Small does not mean weak,sir,”she defended _(she).The wall was built to defend the ro
39、ad from(wash)away by the sea.The army will do whatever it takes to defend the motherland _any invasion.写精彩 完成句子背诵 竭尽全力保护孩子免受伤害是父母的天性。It is the nature of parents to do all they can to _ _ _ _.herselfbeing washedagainstdefend their childfrom harm14.As a graduate assistant at the California Institute o
40、f Technology during the 1930s,Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion,and in the 1940s,he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,now one of NASAs leading space-exploration centres.(教材原句)20世纪30年代，钱学森作为加州理工学院的研究生助理，协助参与了火箭推进领域的重要研究；20世纪40年代，他和其他几个人建立了喷气推进实
41、验室，现在这个实验室是美国国家航空航天局主要的太空探索中心之一。assistant n.助理；助手【归纳拓展归纳拓展】assist vt.帮助;援助assist(sb)in(doing)sth帮助(某人做)某事assist sb with sth帮助某人做某事assist sb to do sth帮助某人做某事 assistance n.帮助;援助with the assistance of.在的帮助下come to ones assistance 帮某人的忙【背佳句背佳句】As an assistant,he assisted the professor with the experimen
42、t.And his assistance made the experiment easier to do.作为助手,他协助教授做实验。他的帮助使实验更容易做。练出神 单句填空Under no circumstances should he come to suspects(assist).Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital(assist).We will do our best to assist you in(handle)this
43、 challenge.The teacher decided to assist me my English study.assistanceassistantshandlingwith写精彩 一句多译背诵当我遇到困难时，他总是来帮助我。(写作话题之朋友介绍)When I meet with difficulties,he always comes me.When I meet with difficulties,he always comes.to assistto my assistance15.He received a heros welcome from his homeland a
44、nd was put in charge of not only developing Chinas rocket science but also its space and missile programme.(教材原句)他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学，以及航天和导弹项目。in charge of 主管；掌管【归纳拓展归纳拓展】in charge(of.)主管/掌管/负责()in the charge of在掌管之下;由主管/负责take charge of.负责/掌管free of charge免费charge(sb)for sth为(向某人)收费/要价charge s
45、b with sth以某事指控某人【名师点津名师点津】in charge of多以人作主语，指“某人负责/主管某事”；in the charge of 多以物作主语，指“某物由某人掌管”。类似的还有:in possession of,in the possession of;in control of,in the control of。【背佳句背佳句】You are not in charge of the universe;you are in charge of yourself.你并不掌管整个宇宙,但你得掌管你自己。练出神 单句填空 As long as youve paid in a
46、dvance,we wont charge you delivery.The man who had taken charge the company was charged taking drugs.To our delight,this class is in charge of an experienced teacher.forofwiththe写精彩 句式升级背诵He is in charge of the newspapers advertisement section.The newspapers advertisement section.The newspapers adve
47、rtisement section.is in the charge of himis in his charge16.Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.(教材原句)斯蒂芬霍金是物理学界最著名、最具天赋的科学家之一。gifted adj.有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的【归纳拓展归纳拓展】be gifted in(doing)sth在(做)方面有天赋be gifted with sth天生具备have a gift/talent for有的天赋【背佳句背佳句】Many of th
48、em have a gift for dancing with animals.他们中的许多人拥有与动物共舞的天分。练出神 单句填空 He was gifted a charming smile.Even(gift)children fail to progress without good teaching.Mrs Taylor has an 8-year-old daughter who has a gift painting.写精彩 完成句子背诵你必须要有学习语言的天赋。You have to _ _ _ _ _ _.withgiftedforhave a gift for learni
49、ng languages17.Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles,his world became one of abstract thought.(教材原句)自从他得了一种使他大部分肌肉失去功能的疾病后,他的世界就变成了一个抽象的思想世界。abstract adj.抽象的;理性的 n.(文献等的)摘要【归纳拓展归纳拓展】in the abstract抽象地，从理论上说abstract.from.从中摘录/提取/分离abstractly adv.理论上
50、，抽象地【背佳句背佳句】Beauty is an abstract concept.美是一个抽象概念。练出神 单句填空As you know,his father is abstract artist.Your explanation is too abstract me.There is a section in the paper that includes(abstract)of the articles published recently.写精彩 完成句子背诵从理论上说，这些射线对人们的健康是有害的。,these rays are harmful to peoples health.
