1、学术英语(医学)_Unit-1ContentsReadingViewingSpeakingWritingGet ready for Unit 2ReadingLead-inMain ideaLanguage focus TasksText ABrainstorm a list of words and expressions related to a doctors life and practice.overload _ _ _ _ _Lead-inAdditional activity 1 What are the causes for complaints of doctors bein
2、g impatient and careless?What kind of life does a doctor lead?How can ordinary incidents influence the way doctors practice medicine?Lead-inDiscuss the following topics related to Text A.What do they mean for a doctor?a decent career a noble job respectable knowledgeable under great pressure underpa
3、id mistrusted dangerousLead-inAdditional activity 2 Interpretation of the title:neuron overload juggling physicianTitleWhat factors may lead to the complaint that doctors do not listen?Neuron overload Patients high expectations Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physicianPara.1 M
4、ain ideaPresentation 1Para.1Language focusn_ overload（神经过载）n that one stray request from a patient even one that is quite relevant might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。neuron/neuronal that one stray req
5、uest from a patient even one that is quite relevant might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.What is the function of the dashes in the sentence?Parenthetical statements:inserting additional information without creating a separate sentence and are often demonstrated by paren
6、theses and dashes.(Task 2 Signpost language)Para.1Language focusDescribe Mrs.Osorios condition.A 56-year-old woman Somewhat overweight Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it Not enough exercise as much as she should Her bones
7、a little thin on her last DEXA scanParas.2-3Main ideaPresentation 2nhypertensionnhyper-abnormally increased,excessive（超出，过度的）n“三高”Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Hyperglycemian“四高”HyperuricemiaPara.2Language focusntypical office _（典型的诊所就诊）nDEXA _（双能X线吸收扫描）nmedical _（行医）visitscanpracticePara.2Language fo
8、cusnstressful lifenkeep her appointments nnot excessively complicatedPara.2Language focusnin my practice a spectacular doctorsituation in China?nthe choices that practicing physicians face every day,with every patientnrely on our clinical judgment to prioritizentransplant fieldna dedicated and compe
9、tent clinical partner such as a one-on-one nursenmedical budgetsParas.9-10Subject knowledgeTasksIntroduction to the themeSome doctors falling prey to 1)_ _One of the causes lying in 2)_Patients unexpected requests disturbing the doctors juggling mindpatients complaints and criticismneuron overload o
10、n the doctor sideCritical reading and thinkingOverview-1patientsthe sheerElaboration on the theme using Mrs.Osorios visit as a typical exampleMrs.Osorio being an average patient of the authorThe authors detailed enquiry about and consideration of 3)_Interruption of the authors train of thought by 4)
11、_Mrs.Osorios conditionthe unexpected trivial request from Mrs.OsorioCritical reading and thinkingTasksOverview-2Conclusion about the problem faced by juggling physiciansMultitasking being 5)_6)_ being the simplest solutionan illusionEnough time Critical reading and thinkingTasksOverview-3TasksLangua
12、ge building-up Building blockMeaning Examplecolon(o)-colon(结肠)colonoscopygluc(o)-glucose;sweetness(葡萄糖；甜)glucoseglucocorticoid（糖皮质激素）-gramsth.written or drawn;a record(书写或图；记录)mammogramelectrocardiogramhyper-abnormally increased;excessive(超出的；过度的)hypertension-iadisease;pathological or abnormal condi
13、tion(疾病；行为异常或失常的状态)pneumonialeukemiatachycardia iatr(o)-physician;medicine;treatment(医师；医学；治疗)podiatristIatrology（医学）Medical terminology 1-1TasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-2Building blockMeaning Example-ionaction,process,or state(行为；过程；状态)hypertension,medication,consultation,examinat
14、ion-istspecialist(专科医生)nutritionist,podiatristmamm(o)-breast(乳房)mammogrammammoplasty mammotomyneur(o)-nerve(神经)neuronneurologynutri-nourishment(营养)nutritionistnutrient TasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-3Building blockMeaning Example-onunit(单元)neuronnephron-osisdiseased or abnormal cond
15、ition(病变的或不正常的状态)osteoporosispsychosissclerosis（硬化）oste(o)-bone(骨)osteoporosisosteitis（骨炎）pneum(o)-air;lung(肺)pneumoniapneumometerpneumothoraxpod-foot(足；脚)podiatristpodocyte（足状突细胞）TasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-4Building blockMeaning Examplepor(o)-cavity,opening,passage or pore(腔；孔；
16、洞)osteoporosisporousporepre-before(in time or space)(在前)prescriptionre-again;back;contrary(再，又；回；反)refill-scopyvisual examination(检查)colonoscopylaparoscopyarthroscopyesophagoscopy gastroscopyhysteroscopyscript-writing(写)prescriptiontranscription colonoscopy hypertension mammogram neuron nutritionist
17、 osteoporosis pneumonia podiatrist refill glucose结肠镜检查（术）高血压乳房X线照片神经元；神经细胞营养学家骨质疏松（症）肺炎足病医生（根据出发）再配药葡萄糖TasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 2 Degree of formality should be determined by the audience the expectations of the audience the writers purposesTasksLanguage building-up Formal Englis
18、hFor example,the writer of Text A employs informal language when recording her juggling thoughts,and a noticeable shift from that of the rest of the article where formal style is consistently maintained.A juggling mind is vividly presented by informal and even ungrammatical use of language,such as“M
19、aybe leave this until next time?”TasksLanguage building-up Formal EnglishDifferences between:Formal EnglishInformal English It is used in official,literary,academic writing,or formal social events.It is more commonly used in writing than in speech.Sentences are often long and complex.Contractions ar
20、e avoided.It is used in daily and personal conversations or letters to friends.It is more commonly used in everyday speech than in writing.Sentences are often short and simple.Contractions are common.TasksLanguage building-up Differences between:Formal EnglishInformal English The passive voice is of
21、ten used,making it sound impersonal.Vocabulary derived from French and Latin is often used.Colloquial terms,slangs,and many phrasal verbs are avoided.The active voice is often used.Vocabulary derived from Latin is rarely used.Colloquial terms,slangs,and many phrasal verbs are common.TasksLanguage bu
22、ilding-up Differences between:Formal EnglishInformal English The researchers identified the important properties.Doctors have established a new method.This appeared to rectify the problem.The researchers found out what the important things were.Doctors have come up with a new method.This seemed to f
23、ix the problem.TasksLanguage building-up Differences between:Formal EnglishInformal English His words demonstrate that Details of the report are to be found on page 26.An experiment was conducted/performed.His words show that You can find out all about the report on page 26.They did an experiment.Ta
24、sksLanguage building-up Good thing she did her blood tests.Glucose is a little better.Cholesterol isnt great.May need to think about starting a statin.Are her liver enzymes normal?Good signs include that she did her blood tests,and that her glucose level is slightly better.However,her cholesterol le
25、vel isnt great,and I may need to consider prescribing a statin for her.Furthermore,I wondered if her liver enzymes are normal.TasksLanguage building-up Formal English:key to task -1But now Im piling yet another pill onto her,and one that requires detailed instructions.Maybe leave this until next tim
26、e?But now Im piling yet another pill onto her,and the pill requires detailed instructions.“Maybe,should I leave this until next time?”I thought.TasksLanguage building-up Formal English:key to task -2Health maintenance:when was her last mammogram?PAP smear?To my mind comes her health maintenance.I as
27、k myself,“When did she receive her last mammogram and PAP smear?”TasksLanguage building-up Formal English:key to task -3Text BLead-inMain ideaLanguage focus TasksReading How nontrivial can trivial incidents be in ones life?The author David Sacketts experienceLead-inDiscuss the following topics relat
28、ed to Text B.Design of Thomas Chalmers trial Clear description of the eligibility criteria of participants and their random allocation Comparisons of _ Precise definition of _ _ Close monitoring and reinforcement of _ _ Inclusion of all patients at the end of the trialstwo regimens per trialregimens
29、with regimensParas.1-2 Main ideaexperimental and controlcomplianceDesign of Thomas Chalmers trial Clearly described and transparent analyses The“external validity”of the trial results tested by comparison with _ _ Assessment of late effects of the treatment regimens in a 10-year follow-up studygroup
30、 of patientsParas.1-2 Main ideaanother independent control their random allocation(with concealment of the next participants assignment)into their 2 2 factorial trials,thus permitting comparisons of two regimens per trial.他们通过随机分配（隐蔽下一个参与者的分配），进入2 2析因试验，这样每个试验可以对比两个治疗方案。Paras.1-2 Language focusn_ cl
31、inical trial（随机临床试验）nrandom _（随机分配）npatient _（病人的预后）n_ group（对照组）na 10-year _ study（10年的跟踪研究）randomizedallocationprognosiscontrolfollow-upParas.1-2 Language focusInfluence of Thomas Chalmers paper and a further 71 pages of small type One of the most detailed reports of clinical trials ever published
32、 with _ _ A model for _ Consequent dramatic changes in the authors careerreporting randomized trialsParas.1-3 Main ideaa Table of ContentsConventional wisdom on Type-A hepatitis in the 1950s and its influencethe recession of enlarge liver and return Bed rest until _ _ to avoid permanent liver damage
33、 Bed rest required again due to _ after the patients getting up and around Serving as the basis for _ _the rebound of the enzymesconfrontation between patients and the clinical clerkPara.4 Main ideaof bilirubin to normaldaily confrontation between dailynmedical _（内科病房）ninfectious _（传染性肝炎）nsevere _（身
34、体严重不适）nbilirubin _（胆红素代谢）npermanent _ damage（永久性肝损伤）wardhepatitismalaisemetabolismliverParas.3-4 Language focusThis conventional wisdom formed the basis for daily confrontations between an increasingly restless and resentful patient and an increasingly adamant and doom-predicting clinical clerk.处于这种
35、传统治疗观念中的病人会变得越来越焦躁和不满，而临床见习生也越来越固执和看不到希望，因此病人和见习生之间这种矛盾几乎天天存在。Para.5 Language focusnexacerbate _（加重病理生理状况）nmedical _（医学文献）nclinical _（临床调查）n_ of relapse（复发率）nclinical _（临床流行病学）pathophysiologyliteratureinvestigationincidenceepidemiologyPara.5 Language focusnstrict _（严格的卧床休息）nhospital _（住院）nrecurrent
36、_（反复发作的黄疸）nclinical _（临床病程）bed reststayjaundicecoursePara.6 Language focusMy subsequent clinical course was far from uneventful.我后来的“临床之路”却远没有这么平静。they had fallen from 48 to 46 the previous month!（染色体的数量）在上个月已经从48条变成了46条！人体到底有多少条染色体？这个问题经过了几十年的反复，到1954年才确定为23对，46条。Para.8 Language focusThe authors ev
37、entful“clinical course”conventional therapeutic wisdom A“trouble-maker”with constant doubt about _ and offense especially against _ A stormy time in obstetrics _ on the medical ward Deep offense against a professor of paediatrics by publicly _ _correcting him on the number of humanthe subspecialists
38、Unfavorable notorietyParas.9-10 Main ideachromosomesn_ morphine（静脉注射吗啡）n_ blood pressure（舒张压）nbrain _（脑血流灌注）n_ care（初级保健）naorto-coronary arterial _（主动脉冠状动脉旁路）intravenousdiastolicperfusionprimarybypassParas.9-10 Language focusI am proud to have contributed to this development,to the skepticism that d
39、rives it,and to the better informed treatment decisions and choices which have been made possible as a result.对于随机试验的发展、对于驱动这种发展的怀疑态度以及对于因此而可能做出更好的知情治疗决定和选择，我有一份贡献，对此我感到自豪。Para.11 Language focusn_ treatment decision（知情治疗决定）informedPara.11 Language focusWhat other lessons can you learn from the text?
40、TasksCritical reading and thinkingComprehensionThe authors challenges to the traditional wisdom in treating his hepatitis patient Never be a blind believer of authority or conventional wisdom.Scientific progress requires unconventional ways of thinking.Challenging authority is a MUST for real scient
41、ists.Be tolerant and open-minded about novelties.Be sensitive to trivialities.Think differently.TasksCritical reading and thinkingComprehension 1The authors eventful“clinical course”and iconoclasm Attitude can be life-changing.Stick to the justifiable beliefs and act out.Being yourself or being uniq
42、ue may bring about surprises.Developing your own personality is part of professional life.Science owes much to those non-conventionalists and iconoclasts.TasksCritical reading and thinkingComprehension 2Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)have been one of the most common forms of clinical trials.Work
43、in groups of 4-5 and explore the media and literature for information about RCT according to the following questions:What is the definition of RCT?Who developed it first?What is the nature of RCT?What is the process of RCTTasksResearchingRandomized clinical trials A randomized controlled trial(RCT)(
44、or randomized comparative trial)is a specific type of scientific experiment,and the preferred design for a clinical trial.RCTs are often used to test the efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population.RCTs may also provide an opportunity to gather useful information about adve
45、rse effects,such as drug reactions.TasksResearching The key distinguishing feature of the usual RCTs is that study subjects,after assessment of eligibility and recruitment,but before the intervention to be studied begins,are randomly allocated to receive one or other of the alternative treatments un
46、der study.Random allocation in real trials is complex,but conceptually,the process is like tossing a coin.TasksResearchingRandomized clinical trials After randomization,the two(or more)groups of subjects are followed in exactly the same way,and the only differences between the care they receive,for
47、example,in terms of procedures,tests,outpatient visits,follow-up calls,etc.should be those intrinsic to the treatments being compared.The most important advantage of proper randomization is that it minimizes allocation bias,balancing both known and unknown prognostic factors,in the assignment of tre
48、atments.TasksResearchingRandomized clinical trialsAssignment for group presentation The class will be randomly divided into 10 groups.Each group should choose one member as their organizer.In the whole semester,each group is supposed to collaborate in preparing and delivering ONE presentation focusi
49、ng on Researching after Text B.The presenting group for each unit will be decided by drawing lots one week ahead of the presentation.A PPT should be prepared and submitted by the presenting group.The presentation will be delivered when“Speaking”is covered.TasksResearchingEvaluation of the group pres
50、entation Criteria for evaluation include Overall impression Organization Pertinence Use of English language All group member will be given the same score for this activity.The performance accounts for 5%in the final grade.Lets decide which group will present for this unit.TasksResearchingTips on how
