1、1G-杆菌感染在全球/亚洲/中国的流行病学及影响抗生素优化管理 素材1“坏坏”的细菌正在的细菌正在“逃脱逃脱”?!?!E Enterococcus faeciumnterococcus faecium(屎肠球菌)(屎肠球菌)S Staphylococcus aureustaphylococcus aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌)(金黄色葡萄球菌)K Klebsiella lebsiella(克雷柏菌)(克雷柏菌)A Acinetobactercinetobacter(不动杆菌)(不动杆菌)P Pseudomonasseudomonas(绿脓杆菌)(绿脓杆菌)E Enterobacter/nter
2、obacter/E Escherichia colischerichia coli (肠杆菌属)(肠杆菌属)/(/(大肠杆菌)大肠杆菌)“坏坏”的的G-杆菌会产生杆菌会产生Enterococcus faeciumStaphylococcus aureus Klebsiella(克雷柏菌)(克雷柏菌)ESBL,KPC Escherichia coli(大肠杆菌)大肠杆菌)ESBL Acinetobacter(不动杆菌)(不动杆菌)MRD,PDR,XDR Pseudomonas(绿脓杆菌)(绿脓杆菌)MRD,PDR,XDR Enterobacter(肠杆菌属)(肠杆菌属)SSBL 4我们正面临什么
3、样的问题?我们正面临什么样的问题?SMART研究研究(Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends)Collect up to 100 consecutive GNB from patients with intra-abdominal infections Include unique initial isolates Exclude duplicate isolates Record duration of hospitalization(48 h or 48 h)Isolates recovered after 48 hours
4、 of hospitalization considered community-acquired Isolates recovered 48 hours after hospitalization considered hospital-acquiredAdapted from Chow JW,et al.Surg Infect(Larchmt).2006;6(4):439448.Slide 7SMART Study:Susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae Worldwide,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=ce
5、fepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 8SMART Study:Susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in Asia/Pacific,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazid
6、ime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 9SMART Study:Susceptibility of E.coli Worldwide,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=ta
7、zobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 10SMART Study:Susceptibility of E.coli Asia/Pacific,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levoflox
8、acin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 11SMART Study:Susceptibility of K.pneumoniae Worldwide,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 12SMART Study:S
9、usceptibility of K.pneumoniae in Asia/Pacific,20022007EPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 13SMART Study:Global Trends in ESBL-Producing Enterob
10、acteriaceae,20032007aCefepime and cefepime/clavulanic acid used to determine ESBL status;ceftazidime and cefotaxime with/without clavulanic acid were used 20052007.Adapted from Badal R,et al.Poster presented at:48th Annual ICAAC;2528 October 2008.Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Strains Among 18,845 E.c
11、oli,K.pneumoniae,and K.oxytoca Isolates2004aPrevalence,%Asia/PacificLatin AmericaMiddle East/AfricaEuropeNorth America045402003a2005200620073530252015105Slide 14SMART Study:Prevalence of ESBL-Positive E.coli WorldwideSlide 15Slide 15SMART Study:Prevalence of ESBL-Positive E.coli WorldwideCommunity O
12、nset(=48 hours)Slide 16SMART Study:Susceptibility of ESBL-Positive E.coli in Asia/PacificEPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;CRO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.Slide 17SMART Study:Prev
13、alence of ESBL-Positive K.pneumoniae WorldwideSlide 18Slide 18SMART Study:Prevalence of ESBL-Positive K.pneumoniae WorldwideCommunity Onset(48 hours)Slide 19SMART Study:Susceptibility of ESBL-Positive K.pneumoniae in Asia-PacificEPM=ertapenem;IMP=imipenem;FEP=cefepime;FOX=cefoxitin;CAZ=ceftazidime;C
14、RO=ceftriaxone;SAM=sulbactam/ampicillin;TZP=tazobactam/piperacillin;AMK=amikacin;LVX=levofloxacin;CIP=ciprofloxacin.2,292 Isolates,SMART,IAI,China,2002-2007(N=125)(N=144)(N=147)(N=145)(N=287)(N=287)SMART,IAI,China,2002-2007,China,2002-2007,China,2002-2007 60 岁岁2.65糖尿病糖尿病2.57Colodner et al EJCMID 200
15、4 23,163.无多重耐药风险无多重耐药风险肠杆菌多重耐药风险肠杆菌多重耐药风险假单胞菌多重耐药风险假单胞菌多重耐药风险 是否接触医疗系统没有医疗机构接触史有医疗机构接触史(如近期住院史,家庭护理史,透析),没有有创操作史长期住院病史,或有创操作史(5天)先前有无抗生素使用没有近期抗生素使用史近期抗生素使用史(在过去90天内至少14天使用过抗生素)近期抗生素使用史(在过去90天内至少14天使用过抗生素)病人特点年轻,无或较少合并症至少65岁,有合并症如全胃肠外营养或肾功能不全等病人特点:囊性纤维化,结构性肺病,晚期AIDS,中性粒细胞减少症,或其他严重免疫缺陷G-MDR 感染的风险感染的风险
16、TPN=total parenteral nutrition.肠外营养aExcept nonfermenters/non-Pseudomonas species.除了非酵菌/非单胞菌Adapted from Carmeli Y.Predictive factors for multidrug-resistant organisms.In:Role of Ertapenem in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance newsletter.Available at:http:/www.invanz.co.il/secure/downloads/IVZ_Carme
17、li_NL_2006_W-226364-NL.pdf.Accessed 7 April 2008;Dimopoulos G,Falagas ME.Eur Infect Dis.2007;4951;Ben-Ami R,et al.Clin Infect Dis.2006;42(7):925934;Pop-Vicas AE,DAgata EMC.Clin Infect Dis.2005;40(12):17921798;Shah PM.Clin Microbiol Infect.2008;14(suppl 1):175180.这样的问题会带来什么后果?这样的问题会带来什么后果?60国外的研究报道:国
18、外的研究报道:感染产感染产ESBL菌可能改变疾病临床过程菌可能改变疾病临床过程 抗感染治疗反应差抗感染治疗反应差 细菌清楚率低细菌清楚率低 患者出院时的感染治愈率低患者出院时的感染治愈率低 住院时间和费用增加住院时间和费用增加 对死亡率影响的结论不一致对死亡率影响的结论不一致产ESBL是否与更高的死亡率相关?l Meta分析:产ESBL菌株所致菌血症的死亡率 Schwaber JAC Nov 2007u2000-2006 共有16个研究u粗死亡率:产ESBL组34(199/591)vs 非产ESBL组 20(216/1091)uPooled RR 1.85;95%Cls 1.39-2.47l
19、对产ESBL的有效治疗的延迟达44 Schwaber JAC Nov 2007;Goff ICAAC 20062022-10-4Dr.HU Bijie62产产ESBL细菌感染对患者预后的影响细菌感染对患者预后的影响 SMARTSMART(抗生素耐药趋势监测研究)子课题(抗生素耐药趋势监测研究)子课题 参加单位:上海参加单位:上海中山、瑞金、浙一、北京协和、北京医院、广州市一 研究对象:研究对象:8585例腹腔感染住院患者例腹腔感染住院患者 比较比较ESBL+和和ESBL-患者的治疗、预后和费用患者的治疗、预后和费用 基线特征:性别、诊断、病原菌差别无统计学意义基线特征:性别、诊断、病原菌差别无
20、统计学意义 Overall(N=85)ESBL-(N=54)ESBL+(N=31)P-value 性别:男性性别:男性51(60.0)35(64.8)16(51.6)0.257 病原菌:病原菌:E.Coli66(77.6)42(77.8)24(77.4)1.000 Klebsiella19(22.4)12(22.2)7(22.6)ESBLs(+)患者患者起始抗生素治疗成功率起始抗生素治疗成功率显著低于显著低于ESBLs(-)的患者的患者 p=0.01681.5%58.1%ESBLs(-)ESBLs(+)反应率(%)100806040200中国参与中国参与SMART(抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究抗生
21、素耐药性趋势监测研究)的的6家机构进行的研究结果家机构进行的研究结果n=54n=31ESBLs(+)与与ESBLs(-)的患者相比的患者相比总住院天数显著增加总住院天数显著增加p 0.001n=54n=31ESBLs(-)ESBLs(+)总住院天数(天)252015105014.5天天24.5天天中国参与中国参与SMART(抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究)的的6家机构进行的研究结果家机构进行的研究结果p=0.052n=54n=31ESBLs(-)ESBLs(+)2500020000150001000050000ESBLs(+)与与ESBLs(-)的患者相比总的患者相比总住院费
22、用显著增加住院费用显著增加总住院费用(元)15217.521498.4中国参与中国参与SMART(抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究)的的6家机构进行的研究结果家机构进行的研究结果ESBLs(+)与与ESBLs(-)的患者相比,治疗感的患者相比,治疗感染所使用的抗菌药物的种类和数量显著增加染所使用的抗菌药物的种类和数量显著增加p=0.014n=54n=31ESBLs(-)ESBLs(+)抗菌药物 543210p=0.016n=54n=31ESBLs(-)ESBLs(+)抗菌药物数量抗菌药物种类2.12.82.02.5中国参与中国参与SMART(抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究抗生素耐药性趋势监测研究)的的6家机构进行的研究结果家机构进行的研究结果