1、大学英语跨文化交际vChapter 5 vVerbal Intercultural Communication大学英语跨文大学英语跨文化交际化交际 教学课件教学课件v v 黑龙江大学外语部An idiom The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language,and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.Ezra PoundLearning ObjectivesIn this chapte
2、r,students will learn how to:vUnderstand the definition of verbal communication;vDescribe the relation between language and culture;vSummarize the verbal communication styles;vUnderstand the meaning of language diversity;vRelate language variation to language use and language user;vDistinguish diale
3、cts,sociolects,pidgin,lingua franca,taboo,euphemism and jargon;vCompare written communication patterns.CASE 25Success StoryThis case can reflect different communication styles-direct and indirect styles.The direct and indirect styles differ in the extent to which communicators reveal their intention
4、s through their tone of voice and the straightforwardness of their message.In the direct verbal style,statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions.In the indirect verbal style,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intention.The speakers verbal style reflects his or her cultural and
5、 personal value.In this case,Mary and Ms.Goshima had very different communication styles.Marys tended to be direct while Ms Goshima tended to be indirect.Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima,however,was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should
6、 be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.Thus came the communicative problem.Text A Significance of Verbal CommunicationWhat is verbal intercultural communication?verbal “consisting of words”verbal communication using language,spoken or wr
7、ittenVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.We use words tovcommunicate with the outside world.vshare the past.vexercise some control over the present.vform images of the future.We use words to persuade
8、,to exchange ideas,to express views,to seek information,and to express feelings.Language is important;it has the singnificant influence on human behaviors.By words the mind winged.Text B Language and CultureIn Chinese 房子In English houseIn Spanish case In Thai ban We name the same object differently
9、and words are different in various languages.Here we should know:vThe relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary.vWords in themselves do not carry the meaning.The meaning comes out of the context.Translate the next sentence,please.One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水
10、吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。1.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisvThe theory holds that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews.vLater,the hypothesis was divided into two parts.linguistic determinist interpretation-Language st
11、ructure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation-Culture is controlled by and controls language.vE.g.In Arabic,the camel plays v significant roles in peoples life,v so there are more than 40 words v for“camel”.v v Nothing is more important than rice to the v Chinese,
12、so we have expressions like v “人是铁，饭是钢”and“铁饭碗”.2.Language as a Reflection of the Environment Language reflects the environment in which we live and we label the things that are around us.E.g.,people in the Amazon area do not have a word for snow.Most Americans use terms such as snow,powder snow,sle
13、et,slush,blizzard,and ice.The environment influences the development of technology,produces and the appropriate vocabulary.E.g.,cultures in tropical climates will not develop heating systems.3.Language as a Reflection of ValuesLanguage reflects cultural values.E.g.Time does not play a role in Navajo
14、 life.As a result,the Navajos do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.Time and the passing of time are things one cant control;therefore,one should not worry about wasting time and setting schedules.Here,we should pay attention to one problem in dealing with people f
15、rom other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations.E.g.,businessmen in the United States are typically frustrated with the maana mentality of Spanish speaking countries:They said tomorrow,but they did not mean it.”For Americans“t
16、omorrow”means midnight to midnight,a very precise time period.To Mexicans,in contrast,maana means in the future,soon.Translate the next sentence,please.The cattle go to the river to drink in the red blood period.日出时，牛儿到河边喝水.4.The Meaning of Words Sometimes different cultures use identical words that
17、 have rather different meanings.The results can be humorous,annoying,or costly,depending on the circumstances.Eg.For the American,“administration”in the university context means department chair or dean.For the French,“administration”means upper-level clerical staff.Text C Verbal Communication Style
18、s Culture influences the style of communication at great levelandthe communication style is concerned with the use of language.1.Direct and Indirect Styles2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Styles3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct Styles4.Personal and Contextual Styles5.Instrumental and Affective
19、 Styles1.Direct and Indirect Styles In the direct verbal style,statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions.E.g.,U.S.Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions.E.g.,Chinese tend to ask for a
20、favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal Styles The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling o
21、neself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.Eg.In the classified ads,American ad might begin with,“A handsome,athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner”While,Japanese ad might read,“Although I am not very good-looking,Im willing to try my best.”Comparing the di
22、fferences in the picture3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language.This style of communication can be seen in many Arab,Middle Eastern,and Afro-American cultures.An exacting style,where persons say no more or less than is needed,is used by A
23、mericans.They tend to prefer an exacting style of interactions consistent with a“Just the facts”mentality.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understatements,and even silence.A succinct style can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.4.Personal and
24、Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.It stresses“personhood”and relies on the use of pronouns in sentence construction.Eg.English has only one form for the second person,that is,you.The contextual style highlights ones role identity and s
25、tatus.In such cultures,the social context dictates word choice,especially personal pronouns.Eg.Chinese,German and French,for example,have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).5.Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome b
26、ased.The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome.Instrumental messages often are constructed to persuade and influence others and to maintain ones face.The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.The speaker carefully chooses and organizes his or her mess
27、ages in order to be understood by the audience.vAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication,but with the process.The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener
28、.Affective speakers carefully watch for the reactions of their listener.5.Instrumental and Affective StyleText D Language Diversity SOCIOLINGUISTICS DEALS WITH THE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETYSociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between langu
29、age and society,between the uses and users of language and the social structures.LANGUAGE VARIATIONv1.VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE LANGUAGE v USERvDialects geographical originvSociolects social status vv2.VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF COMMUNICATION(USE)vPidgin/Lingua Franca political sta
30、tusvTaboo/Euphemism social acceptancevJargon technical vocabulary1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USER(1)Dialects A dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONNATIONAL DIALECTS(AmE,BrE,AusE);REGIONAL DIALE
31、CTS(IrishE,ScottishE);LOCAL DIALECTS(London;Boston).WHAT ARE DIALECTS?DIALECTSHere are some examples v FTake the lift to the first floor.FStop by the gas station.DIALECTS REFER TO DIFFERENCES IN VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR ACCENTS REFER TO PHONOLOGICAL AND PHONETIC DISTINCTIONS1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO US
32、ER（2）Socialects Some people consider a social dialect referring to a particular social class.F THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF SPEAKERS IS IMPORTANTvVARIATION ACCORDING TO CLASS,EDUCATION,AGE,SEX.vACCENT IS AN IMPORTANT MARKER OF SOCIOLECT.WHAT ARE SOCIOLECTS?“Received Pronunciation”Here are some examplesF
33、Shut up/please be quietFGet out/please leave the roomvDEGREES OR LEVELS OF FORMALITY:FROZEN,FORMAL,CONSULTATIVE,CASUAL,INTIMATE(Martin Joos)2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(1)Pidgin and Lingua Franca A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes.First,they
34、 have no native speakers.Second,the linguistic and grammatical structure of pidgin languages is always simple and based on one or two other languages.WHAT IS A PIDGIN?TradingColonializationTWO CHARACTERISTICS OF PIDGINWhen a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent
35、 language of a region,it is called a Creole.FEATURES lack cultural potential;undervalved;inadequately understood.A Lingua Franca is used for communication purposes between different groups of people,each speaking a different language.It is highly valued,compared with a pidgin.WHAT IS A CREOLE?WHAT I
36、S A LINGUA FRANCA?2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(2)Creole and Lingua FrancaWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIDGIN AND LINGUA FRANCA?INTERNATIONALMEANS OFCOMMUNICATIONLOCAL MEANS OFCOMMUNICATION;MIXED LANGUAGEFLong time no seeFEmail2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(3)Taboo and EuphemismTaboo refers to prohib
37、ition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are often offensive and impolite.Euphemism is its linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.WHAT IS TABOO?WHAT IS EUPHEMIS?vSth that is prohibited by the“polite”society.vObscene,profane,and sw
38、ear words.vLinguistic taboo originates from social taboo.WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TABOO AND EUPHEMISM?vThe existence of taboo words generates the creation of euphemisms.vThese expressions are intended to avoid unpleasant or offensive words.2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(4)Jargon It refers to the
39、 special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.WHAT IS JARGON?MEDIA JARGONreporter;journalist;proofreader;editor;typesetters;printers;script;headline;publish;title;letter;column;articleLEGAL JARGONcounsel;plaintiff;lawyer;evi
40、dence;defence;accusation;judge;criminal;lawsuit;interrogation;sentence;deeds;alibiText E Cultural Influence on Written Communication Culture has some unavoidable impact on written communication.Its important for interactants to know the conventions of international English writing and business writi
41、ng is an important aspect of written communication.Two styles of the organization of routine messages:direct plan and indirect plan.1.Direct Plan avoid ambiguity get the message across clearly be conciseIn direct-plan reports How to do these?use short sentences use a subject-verb-object pattern use
42、active-voice verbs2.Indirect Plan not put the main message in the first sentence In indirectplan to nurture a relationship or develop some other context for the message DIRECT priority:communicationPrecise and conciseINDIRECT priority:relationshipAmbiguity/digressiondifferenceTask 1 Use your own wor
43、ds to give simple definitions of the following terms.DIALECT SOCIOLECT PIDGIN LINGUA FRANCA TABOO EUPHEMISM JARGONTask 2 Diagram FillingW e u s e words to.form images of the _exercise some control over _communication with the outside world.share _2.Diagram FillingIndirect PlanWrittenCommunicationPDirect PlanSUMMARY:LANGUAGE VARIATION IN STYLELANGUAGE VARIATION IN CODEUse and user-related variationLANGUAGE VARIATION IN CHANNEL Writing stylesRead and answer the questions of Cases 29 and 30.Finish the Checklist on page 159.ASSIGNMENTS
