1、本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 1Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningaden/ogland腺adenitisadenomaadenopathy腺炎腺瘤腺病crin/osecrete分泌endocrinologyhypercrinecrinogenic内分泌学内分泌机能亢进的促分泌的hormon/ohormone激素hormonalhormonogenesishormonology激素的，激素性激素生成内分泌学adren/oadr
2、enal glands肾上腺adrenitisadrenolyticadrenopathy肾上腺炎抗肾上腺素的肾上腺病2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 2Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningpancreat/opancreas胰腺pancreaticpancreatinpancreatogram胰腺，胰脏的胰酶胰造影摄片gluc/osugar糖glucagonglucogenesisglucolysis胰高血糖素葡
3、萄糖生成糖酵解glyc/osugar糖glycopeniaglycosuriahyperglycemia低糖，糖过少糖尿高血糖症insulin/oinsulin胰岛素insulinaseinsulomahyperinsulinism胰岛素酶胰岛素瘤高胰岛素血症2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 3Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningendo-within内endodermendoscopeendoplasm内胚层内镜
4、内质thyroid/othyroid甲状腺thyroiditisthyroidectomyhypothyroidism甲状腺炎甲状腺切除术甲状腺功能减退ovari/oovary卵巢ovariotomyovaritisovariopathy卵巢切开术卵巢炎卵巢病-trophicnutrition,growth,nourishment营养（的）neurotrophicthymotrophicadrenotrophic神经营养性的促胸腺的促肾上腺的2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。01 Brief Introductio
5、n02 Classification03 The major factors 04 Pathogenesis 05 Clinical Manifestations06 Complications07 Diagnosis08 Antidiastole09 Therapy contentsFigure1：Main symptom of diabetes本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diabetes mellitus,or simply diabetes,is a group of metabolic diseases in whic
6、h a person has high blood sugar,either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin,or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria(frequent urination),polydipsia(increased thirst),and polyphagia(increased hung
7、er).01 Brief Introduction5本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02 Classification 2.1 Type 1 diabetes The pancreas undergoes an autoimmune attack by the body itself,and is rendered incapable of making insulin.Abnormal antibodies have been found in the majority of patients with type1 diabet
8、es.Antibodies are proteins in the blood that are part of the bodys immune system,the patient with type1 diabetes must rely on insulin medication for survival.6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02 Classification 2.2 Type 2 diabetes It previously referred to as non-insulin dependent diab
9、etes mellitus,or adult onset diabetes mellitus.patients can still produce insulin,but do so relatively inadequately for their bodys needs,particularly in the face of insulin resistance as discussed above.In many cases this actually means the pancreas produces larger than normal quantities of insulin
10、.A major feature of type2 diabetes is a lack of sensitivity to insulin by the cells of the body.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02 Classification 2.3 Other type of diabetes gestational diabetes,occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develop a high blood g
11、lucose level.It may precede development of type 2 DM.Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes,which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion,cystic fibrosis-related diabetes,steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids,and several forms of monogenic diabetes.本文
12、档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。meta-变化的变化的 metabolism n.新陈代谢 metabolite n.代谢物 metabolize v.使新陈代谢 metabolic adj.变化的，新陈代谢的 poly-多的，多个的，聚合的多的，多个的，聚合的 polydipsia 多饮 polyuria 多尿 polyphagia 多食 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。uri-尿的，与尿有关的尿的，与尿有关的 urine n
13、.尿 polyuria 多尿 uric adj.尿的 urinal n.尿壶 urinate v.小便 urination n.排尿 glucosuria 糖尿 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Birth weight:Fat Irregular menses(menstruation)Inflammation Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle Smoking Metabolic syndrome 03 The major factors2022-10-
14、6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03 The major factors 3.1 Birth weight There is a relationship between birth weight and developing diabetes.The higher the birth weight the higher the risk of type 2 diabetes.At the other end of the spectrum,a very high birth weight(over 8.8 pounds or
15、4 kg)also is associated with an increased risk.Additionally,mothers of infants who had a higher birth weight(over 9 pounds)are at increased risk for developing diabetes.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03 The major factors 3.2 Fat The distribution of fat is important.The classic pear
16、shape person(smaller waist than hips)has a lower risk of developing diabetes than the apple shape person(larger around the waist).The exact reason for this difference is unknown,but it is thought to have something to do with the metabolic activity of the fat tissue in different areas of the body.本文档
17、所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03 The major factors 3.3 Irregular menses(menstruation)There is an association between the lengthening of the menstrual cycle and the risk for developing diabetes,particularly in obese women.those who had a cycle length of greater than 40 days were twice
18、as likely to develop diabetes than those who cycled every 26 to 31 days.The association is thought to be linked with polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)which is also known to be associated with insulin resistance.Insulin resistance may be a precursor for type 2 diabetes.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如
19、有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03 The major factors 3.4 inflammation In recent years we have begun to understand the importance of inflammation and heart disease.We now know that inflammation may play an important role in the development of diabetes as well.An inflammation marker known as C-reactive protein has b
20、een shown to be increased in women at risk for developing the metabolic syndrome,and in both men and women at risk for developing type 2 diabetes.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03 The major factors 3.5 Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are the bigge
21、st risk factors that are controllable.This is in part due to the fact that obesity increases the bodys resistance to insulin.Studies have shown that reversal of obesity through weight reduction improves insulin sensitivity and regulation of blood sugar.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除
22、。03 The major factors 3.6 smoking Smoking is harmful in many ways including increasing the risk of cancer and heart disease.It also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。men/o 与月经有关的与月经有关的 menstruation n.月经 menstrual adj.月经的 dysmenorrhea n.m
23、enstrual pain amenorrhea/Menopause n.no menstruation metr/o 子宫子宫 metrorrhagia n.uterine bleeding metrostaxis n.Small uterine bleeding Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。metabolic 代谢的代谢的 metabolic syndrome 代谢综合征 lipid metabolism 脂代谢 glucose metabolism 糖代谢 metabolic
24、acidosis 代谢性酸中毒 basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率 precursor:prodromal symptoms of disease C-reactive protein：It is a sharply rised protein，when tissues injury and infect.Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。04 Pathogenesis4.1 The Pathogenesis of Type 1 Is related to genetic
25、 factors,environmental factors and autoimmunity 1）genetic predisposition 2）start autoimmune response 3）immumological abnormalities 4）progressive loss of islet B cell function 5)clinical diabetes 6）islet B cells destroyed,diabetes clinical manifestations本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除
26、。04 Pathogenesis4.2 The Pathogenesis of Type 2 Its occurrence and development can be divided into four stages1）Genetic susceptibility2）Hyperinsulinism,and/or insulin resistance3）Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性)4）Clinical diabetes本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。immune 免疫免疫 autoi
27、mmunity 自身免疫 immumological 免疫学的 hyper-高高 Hyperinsulinism 高胰岛素症 Hyperglycemia 高血糖 toxic 毒的，中毒的，有毒的毒的，中毒的，有毒的 Glucotoxicity 糖尿病毒性 lipotoxicity 脂毒性 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。05 Clinical Manifestations 5.1 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagi
28、a Weight loss本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。05 Clinical Manifestations 5.2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Non-specific symptoms Fatigue Recurrent infections Prolonged wound healing Visual changes本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。proteolysis蛋白质水解蛋白质水解 lipolysis脂类分解脂类分解 arthro
29、lysis关节松解术关节松解术-lysis松解术，分解，溶解 prote-蛋白质 lipo-脂肪的 arthro-关节 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.1 Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA)It is the most common acute complication of diabetes mellitus.The early manifestations of DKA is that the symptoms being mor
30、e serve ,such as polydipsia、polyuria、polyphagia and so on.The DKA is characterized by different degrees of disturbance consciousness in the advanced stage.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.2 Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status(HHS)Main clinical features:hyperglycemia cr
31、isis(高血糖危象),higher plasma osmotic pressure(高血浆渗透压),dehydration(脱水).Minor clinical manifestation:varying degrees of disturbance consciousness or coma,unconspicuous DKA.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.3 Infectious complications Pyogenic inflammation:furuncle,carbuncle
32、,pustule,etc.Fungal infection:tinea pedis,tinea corporis,etc.Pulmonary tuberculosisFigure2：Infectious complications 本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.4 Macroangiopathy:The main histopathological change is atherosclerosis(AS).It is most like to accompany with aorta,cor
33、onary artery,cerebral artery,renal artery,peripheral artery,etc.The AS leads to ischemic changes of heart,brain,kidneys and limbs.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.5 Microangiopathy It is the specific complications of DM.Its typical histopathological changes are micro
34、circulation disturbances and the thickness of basal membrane of vessel.The microangiopathy most like to affects retina,nerves，nephridium,and myocardium 本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.6 Neurological complications:1)central nervous system complication(CNSC):altered m
35、ental status,ischemic stroke,senile dementia.2)peripheral neuropathy:paresthesia,decreased of muscle,areflexia 3)autonomic neuropathy:gastroparesis,diarrhea,astriction,abnormal sweating.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.7 Diabetic foot Related to distal lower neurolog
36、ical disorder and different levels peripheral vascular disease.Symptoms of light:foot abnormal,skin cold,high-risk foot Severe symptoms:foot ulcer,necrosis Diabetic foot is the main reason of disability and amputation本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06 Complications6.8 Other diseases
37、eye complications：such as retinal macular disease,cataracts,glaucoma,Iridocyclitis skin lesions :like Skin infections,skin itch,chapped skin,rash.Figure4：skin lesions Figure3：eye complications本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Macroangiopathy 大血管病变大血管病变 macro-large micro-small angi-arte
38、ries 动脉血管 -pathy the suffix of“diseases”Athersclerosis 动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化 ather/o plaque of fatty substance 动脉粥样-sclerosis hardening硬化 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Peripheral angiopathy 周围血管病周围血管病 Peri-surrounding 周 angi-means vessel -pathy means disease Neurologic
39、al 神经病学的神经病学的 Neur-means nerve -ological discipline 学科的 Dementia 痴呆痴呆 De 脱，去，减，除，离 -mentia spirit Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07 diagnosis1)Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 7 mmol/L.2)Two hours postprandial blood glucose greater than or equal t
40、o 11.1 mmol/L3)The symptoms of diabetes and any time plasmatic glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07 diagnosis7.1 Type 1 diabetes mellitus1.The age of onset is young,the age 30 years old.2.The symptoms come on abruptly3.The symptoms of Polydip
41、sia,Polyphagia and Polyuria are obvious.4.The blood glucose level is high,and many patients with ketosis acid toxic as the first symptom.Low serum level of insulin and The low level of C peptide本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07 diagnosis7.2 Type 2 diabetes mellitus 1.The common in t
42、he elderly,high incidence of obesity,often accompanied by hypertension,dyslipidemia,atherosclerosis and other diseases.2.Insidious onset,has no early symptoms,or only mild fatigue,thirst,hyperglycemia is not obvious.3.Glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis4.Serum insulin level in early norm
43、al or increased,The advanced is low本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Plasmatic 血浆的血浆的 plasm-血浆 -atic 性质的 Dyslipidemia 血脂异常血脂异常 dys-不良的，困难 lip-脂肪的-emia血症 Gluc(o)葡萄糖葡萄糖 glucagon 胰高血糖素 glucokinase 葡萄糖激酶 glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素 enteroglucagon 肠高血糖素 Word Analysis2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科
44、学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。08 Antidiastole8.1 Liver diseases:Liver cirrhosis patients often have abnormal glucose metabolism,the fasting blood glucose of the typical patient is normal or low,postprandial blood glucose rise rapidly.The duration of the elderly,the fasting plasma glucosecan also be ele
45、vated.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diabets health education Medical nutrition therapy Condition monitoring Drugs therapy09 Therapy2022-10-6本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09 Therapy9.1 Medical nutrition therapy Calculate the total quantity of heat;Nutrient content;
46、Reasonable distribution;Follow-up本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09 Therapy9.2 condition monitoring Regular checks blood sugar to adjust the treatment plan Proper exercise regularly Every year or two comprehensive review,complications,early detection and treatment本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为
47、科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09 Therapy9.3 Diabets health education Medicai staff adhere to follow up,according to the need to adjust the treatment plan;Life should be regular,quit smoking and dring;To prevent infection.本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09 Therapy9.4 Drugs therapy:Alpha
48、 glucosidase inhibitor（AGI）AGI defers absorption of carbohydration by means of inhibiting -glucosidases activity,thereby debasing postprandial hyperglycemia.Indication:AGI is useful in patients having carbohydration diet daily and those whose blood sugar are normal or slightly higher on empty stomac
49、h but rising significantly after meal.Contraindication:pregnant and lactant women,children and patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction.Representative drugs:acarbose,voglibose,miglitol 本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09 Therapy9.4 Drugs therapy：Insulin therapyl Insulin is an import
50、ant and effective medicine of controlling hyperglycemia.lInsulin promotes the oxidation,composition and storage of glucose to reduce the blood sugar,and helps fat and protein synthetising and inhibits their decomposing as well.Indication:(1)T1DM;(2)Apply to the acute and chronic complication of diab
