1、后踝骨折 手术治疗?保守治疗?如何选择治疗?预后情况如何?首先让我们了解一下后踝 踝关节是人体中最为重要的关节之一,它承担人体轴向的大部分重量,其结构稳定性由骨性结构和其周围的韧带组织共同维持。在矢状位,胫骨穹窿顶凹陷,在穹窿顶踝关节向后方延伸,形成后踝或者成为Volkmann结节。胫腓联合韧带复合体由下胫腓前韧带和下胫腓后韧带及骨间膜韧带等共同组成 后踝为胫骨远端后方的突起,上端起自腓骨窝下胫腓后韧带的关节外切迹,向下延伸止于胫骨远端后缘。后踝的作用 后踝起到增加胫距关节接触面积,限制距骨过度后移的作用,是维持踝关节稳定的重要骨性结构。此外,后踝还是下胫腓后韧带的附着点,该韧带起自后踝,向外
2、斜行延伸止于腓骨远端后方隆起处,将胫、腓骨远端连接在一起,是下胫腓复合体的重要组成部分。后踝的完整性和韧带附着点对胫距关节负荷转移、距骨后方稳定性、踝关节旋转稳定性有着非常重要的作用。左图为尸体上后踝的解剖结构 注:内侧细箭头示踇长屈肌,外侧粗箭头示腓骨肌腱,+号示下胫腓联合后韧带,其从后踝斜向连接至腓骨后方隆起处。Case 3 comprised 20%of the articular surface with a free interposed osteochondral fragment.隐匿性后踝骨折在螺旋形胫骨骨折中较为常见,特别是螺旋形胫骨骨折合并有近端腓骨骨折时需要特别警惕上述情
3、况。摘自:Harper MC;Hardin G.根据受伤机制可分为三种:CT示后踝骨折三种不同的类型:最近的一项调查报道显示,只有约29的外科医生采用25这一指标作为手术治疗后踝骨折的选择标准;参考文献:Fitzpatrick DC;Otto JK;McKinley TO Kinematic and contact stress analysis of posterior malleolus fractures of the ankle.A:后外侧斜行骨折(I型),该骨折类型在胫骨后外侧穹窿顶有一楔形骨折块;后踝骨折治疗决策需考虑多方面因素。Participants were also pro
4、vided injury plain ankle radiographs.尽管后踝骨折分型方法大部分均依据于骨折块大小,但目前临床上骨折块大小和治疗选择间的相关性尚存在较大争议。目前临床上比较认同的后踝骨折,是指目前临床上比较认同的后踝骨折,是指骨折线起自腓骨窝下胫腓后韧带的关节外骨折线起自腓骨窝下胫腓后韧带的关节外切迹并延展止于胫骨远端后缘的骨折切迹并延展止于胫骨远端后缘的骨折。后踝骨折后踝骨折参考文献:参考文献:Buchler L;Tannast M;Bonel HM.Reliability of Radiologic Assessment of the Fracture Buchler
5、L;Tannast M;Bonel HM.Reliability of Radiologic Assessment of the Fracture Anatomy at the Posterior Tibial Plafond in Mallcolar FracturesAnatomy at the Posterior Tibial Plafond in Mallcolar Fractures外文期刊外文期刊 (03)(03)临床上,后踝骨折多由外伤所致,常伴发于踝关节骨折、Pilon骨折及胫骨中下段螺旋形骨折。旋转暴力和垂直暴力均可能导致后踝骨折发生。值得指出的是,许多研究结果显示,胫骨远端
6、扭转暴力与后踝骨折的发生密切相关。后踝位于胫骨远端后侧,后方有粗壮跟腱保护,位置较隐蔽,一般不易受直接暴力打击而发生骨折;一般认为,后踝骨折的受伤机制与受伤时踝关节的姿势及暴力作用的中心有关。根据受伤机制可分为三种:下胫腓后韧带牵拉致后踝撕脱性骨折下胫腓后韧带牵拉致后踝撕脱性骨折:当踝关节处于外旋或外展位,瞬间的扭转暴力作用会通过下胫腓后韧带传导至后踝,过度的牵拉可致后踝的撕脱性骨折;距骨直接撞击致后踝骨折距骨直接撞击致后踝骨折:踝关节处于轻度跖屈位,受到由后向前下的冲击力,胫骨向前下运动,距骨相对地向后运动,胫骨远端后踝受到距骨的剧烈撞击而发生骨折;胫腓骨下段螺旋形骨折的旋转暴力延伸致后踝骨
7、折。胫腓骨下段螺旋形骨折的旋转暴力延伸致后踝骨折。隐匿性后踝骨折在螺旋形胫骨骨折中较为常见,特别是螺旋形胫骨骨折合并有近端腓骨骨折时需要特别警惕上述情况。后踝骨折的治疗分保守治疗和手术治疗。对CT上评估孤立、无移位或微小移位的后踝关节骨折,可以行保守治疗。后踝骨折治疗决策需考虑多方面因素。目前临床上也没有证据等级高的研究为后踝骨折治疗提供强有力的证据支持。后踝骨折后踝骨折的治疗的治疗Harper等人用回顾性分析的方式对后踝骨折块对踝关节远端关节面的影响超过25的患者进行分组研究,按治疗方式分为手术组和非手术组,通过对比两种治疗方式后患者踝关节恢复情况的主客观数据,结果发现两组在临床疗效上并无明
8、显的统计学差异。The objective and subjective clinical evaluations,as well as the radiographic evaluation for arthrosis at followup,indicated that there was no significant difference between the results when patients were treated with or without internal fixation.Although the relatively small number of patie
9、nts in this study made it necessary to be cautious in attributing statistical significance to these findings,the resuits were consistent with two observations.First,using currently advocated techniques,a similar percentage of good reductions of the posterior fragment was maintained for the two group
10、s.Second,posterior talar instability was not seen in either group.摘自:摘自:Harper MC;Hardin G.Posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle associated with Harper MC;Hardin G.Posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle associated with external rotation abduction injuries:Results with and without internal f
11、ixation 1988(09)external rotation abduction injuries:Results with and without internal fixation 1988(09)Fitzpatrick通过生物力学试验证明当踝关节骨折伴有后踝骨折时,会影响胫骨远端与距骨关节面的力学分布,后踝骨折块越大,胫距关节的接触面就越小,局部受到的轴向应力也会随之增加,从而导致创伤性关节炎的发生,故对于较大的后踝骨折块应予以解剖复位,必要时还应手术固定。但后踝骨折块究竟多大时才需要固定,目前尚无定论。参考文献:Fitzpatrick DC;Otto JK;McKinley TO
12、 Kinematic and contact stress analysis of posterior malleolus fractures of the ankle.2004(05)临床上,后踝关节骨折块大小是决定是否进行手术治疗的主要因素。较多作者推荐,若后踝骨折块的大小超过胫骨穹窿的25%-33%,则推荐行内固定治疗,该比例是依据早先提及的尸体学研究中后踝骨折块缺损大小造成对应的踝关节应力变化而制定的。需要特别强调的是,该阈值仅仅是回顾性研究和经验证据。The shape of the fragment was based on the anatomical and roentgeno
13、graphic studies of Hendelberg and of McDaniel and Wilson.The size of the fragment was determined by trial and error,so that the lateral roentgenograms corresponded to the clinical estimates of posterior fragments defined as one-fourth,one-third,and one-half of the articular surface.摘自:摘自:Macko VWMac
14、ko VW,Matthews LSMatthews LS,Zwirkeski PZwirkeski P,et a1.The jointcontact am 0f the et a1.The jointcontact am 0f the allkhallkhThe contribution of the posterior malledusThe contribution of the posterior malledusJ Bone Joint Surg(Am)J Bone Joint Surg(Am),19911991,73(3)73(3):347351347351Fig.1:Axial a
15、nd sagittal CT scans from the 5 survey cases.Participants were also provided injury plain ankle radiographs.Case 1 involved approximately 50%of the articular surface.Case 2 involved 10%of the articular surface with a small free fragment protruding into the joint.Case 3 comprised 20%of the articular
16、surface with a free interposed osteochondral fragment.Case 4 involved approximately 10%of the articular surface with a small interposed free fragment.Case 5 consisted of separate posterolateral and posteromedial fracture fragments,each with approximately 10%of the articular surface.摘自:摘自:Gardner MJ;
17、Streubel PN;McCormick JJ.Surgeon practices regarding operative treatment of Gardner MJ;Streubel PN;McCormick JJ.Surgeon practices regarding operative treatment of posterior malleolus fractures (04)posterior malleolus fractures (04)尽管后踝骨折分型方法大部分均依据于骨折块大小,但目前临床上骨折块大小和治疗选择间的相关性尚存在较大争议。Haraguchi等人对后踝的骨折
18、类型解剖形态进行了研究,基于CT检查的结果,他们将后踝骨折分为三个类型:I型(后外斜型):有累及胫骨远端平台后外侧角的楔形骨片,此型为最常见的后踝骨折;型(内踝延伸型):骨折线起自胫骨的腓骨切迹,止于内踝,此型大约占后踝骨折的20;III型(小片剥脱型):胫骨远端平台后唇有一个或多个壳状骨片 尽管上述骨折分类较为详尽,但是其并不能应用于临床治疗决策中。CT示后踝骨折三种不同的类型:A:后外侧斜行骨折(I型),该骨折类型在胫骨后外侧穹窿顶有一楔形骨折块;B:内侧横行延伸型(II型),骨折线从胫骨切迹处向内踝延伸;C:小贝壳型(III型),胫骨后踝间贝壳样骨折撕脱基于Haraguchi分型:1.累
19、及胫骨远端关节面25%(I型):手术治疗,但是有争议。3.II型:手术治疗 4.伴发距骨向后半脱位:手术治疗 最近的一项调查报道显示,只有约29的外科医生采用25这一指标作为手术治疗后踝骨折的选择标准;而56的外科医生表示踝关节稳定性是是否进行手术的首要考虑标准。参考文献:Gardner MJ;Streubel PN;McCormick JJ.Surgeon practices regarding operative treatment of posterior malleolus fractures (04)研究显示,下胫腓后韧带对下胫腓关节稳定性的贡献度为42,对维持踝关节整体的稳定性有重
20、要意义。当后踝骨折时,下胫腓后韧带失去附着点,其维持踝关节稳定性的作用会自然消失,此类损伤是造成踝关节稳定性丧失的重要原因之一。后踝骨折块较大,距骨后移位左图为尸体上后踝的解剖结构临床上,后踝骨折多由外伤所致,常伴发于踝关节骨折、Pilon骨折及胫骨中下段螺旋形骨折。Case 3 comprised 20%of the articular surface with a free interposed osteochondral fragment.而56的外科医生表示踝关节稳定性是是否进行手术的首要考虑标准。摘自:Macko VW,Matthews LS,Zwirkeski P,et a1.A:
21、后外侧斜行骨折(I型),该骨折类型在胫骨后外侧穹窿顶有一楔形骨折块;Syndesmotic fixation through the posterior malleolus and PITFL is maintained at followup,and these patients have functional outcomes at least equivalent to outcomes for patients having syndesmotic screw fixation.Surgeon practices regarding operative treatment of pos
22、terior malleolus fractures (04)临床上,后踝关节骨折块大小是决定是否进行手术治疗的主要因素。累及胫骨远端关节面25%(I型):手术治疗,但是有争议。I型(后外斜型):有累及胫骨远端平台后外侧角的楔形骨片,此型为最常见的后踝骨折;临床上,后踝关节骨折块大小是决定是否进行手术治疗的主要因素。后踝位于胫骨远端后侧,后方有粗壮跟腱保护,位置较隐蔽,一般不易受直接暴力打击而发生骨折;首先让我们了解一下后踝临床上,后踝骨折多由外伤所致,常伴发于踝关节骨折、Pilon骨折及胫骨中下段螺旋形骨折。根据受伤机制可分为三种:Participants were also provide
23、d injury plain ankle radiographs.Participants were also provided injury plain ankle radiographs.在部分患者中,外踝骨折复位后,后踝会通过下胫腓后韧带牵拉作用自行复位;若外踝复位后仍存在残余的后踝骨折块移位,则和大多数关节内骨折块的处置原则类似,需要手术进行干预。后踝骨折手术指征应该考虑多方面因素。Harper等人认为,后踝骨折块大小并不是影响后踝骨折预后的唯一因素,不能作为后踝骨折手术指针的唯一参考标准。目前后踝骨折治疗指南虽然尚未明确,多数骨科医师仍认为后踝骨折需要手术治疗。但骨折累及关节面范围(
24、25)并不是后踝骨折唯一手术指征,骨折块移位程度、下胫腓关节稳定性及手术操作是否可能导致后踝骨折再移位等也是目前广为骨科医师接受的手术指征。Syndesmotic fixation through the posterior malleolus and PITFL is maintained at followup,and these patients have functional outcomes at least equivalent to outcomes for patients having syndesmotic screw fixation.摘自:Miller AN;Carroll EA;Parker RJ Posterior malleolar stabilization of syndesmotic injuries is equivalent to screw fixation (04)