1、第二章、汉英句子对比与翻译v第一部分、句子基本成分对比与翻译（话题说明与主谓结构）v第一节、主语的确立（人称与物称）人称与物称）v第二节、谓语的确立（被动与动词选择）v第三节、定语、状语（“左分支左分支”右分支右分支”结构）结构）v第二部分、长句的处理长句的处理v第四节、流水句的翻译（形合与意合）v第五节、四字句的翻译（平行结构对比）平行结构对比）翻译单位：vUnit of translation,or translation unit,a term used to refer to the linguistic level at which ST is recodified in TL.Ba
2、rkhudarov defines a unit of translation as“the smallest unit of SL which has an equivalent in TL”.The possible units of translation are phonemes,morphemes,words,phrases,sentences and entire texts.The wording at a given point in ST would determine the most appropriate unit of translation,which could
3、be expected to vary in the course of a text or even in a single sentence.furthermore,it frequently happens that an st unit is translated by a tl unit of a different size.第一部分、句子基本成分对比（话题说明与主谓结构）v第一节、主语的确立v1.三分与二分(汉英基本句结构比较)v1）英语基本句句型v i)SV（主语+谓动）vii)SVO（主语+谓动+宾语）viii)SVOC（主语+谓动+宾语+宾补）v iv)SVO1O2（主语+
4、谓动+宾语1+宾语2）vv)SVC（主语+谓动+主语补语或表语）vvi)SVA（主语+谓动+状语）vvii)SVOA（主语+谓动+宾语+状语）v3）英汉基本句型的差异：vi.英语句子结构基本可分svo三个部分v汉语句子结构基本可分话题和说明(Topic Comment)两个部分v一分为二，这是个普遍的现象，这就是辩证法。vOne divides into twothis is a universal phenomenon,and this is dialectics.v种族歧视，这是帝国主义和殖民主义的产物。vRacial discrimination is the offspring of
5、imperialism and colonialism.v听了这消息，我就放心了。vThe news assured me.vii.语义型vs语法型v汉语句子的根据在语义，衡量一串词语是否成立为句子，标准就是看其是否能表达出相对完整的意思。v语法型：主谓一致(数，人称，)，靠近，完整 v就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板得求句子形式的一律；人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。王力vIII 总结v话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界。v主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。v -马秉义vIV 根源：v认
6、知模式不同 v西方先民的认知模式是同异序，又称一义序，西方人由同异序生发开来，发展成了形式逻辑，v中国先民的认知模式是对偶序。中国人由对偶序发展成了辩证逻辑-阴阳辩证，阴阳四象八卦v两种逻辑的不同，极大地影响了语言的组织形式。v2.翻译方法v2.1 英译汉（分句）vHis skills qualify him for the job.v他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。v他有技术，能担任这一工作。vYoure lucky enough to have a united family.v你真幸运，能有一个和睦的家庭。v你家庭和睦，真有福气vHe spoke so well that everybo
7、dy was convinced of his innocence.v a.他说得那么好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。v b.他说的那样好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。v We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.v a.我们起飞了并且飞过城市并且慢慢飞高。v b.我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。vTranslationese(or third language):a generally pejorative term used to refer to TL usage which because of its ob
8、vious reliance on features of SL is perceived as unnatural,impenetrable or even comical.Translationese is typically caused by an excessively literal approach to the translation process or an imperfect knowledge of TL.v2.2 汉译英（完整结构，变二分为三分）v研读原文分析结构译出主干增加枝节重新整合检查译文 v中国于1970年4月成功地发射了第一颗人造卫星。v 句子的主体：主谓宾
9、v主干翻译：China launched satellite.v主谓宾各自的修饰语依次添加vChina successfully launched satellite in April,1970.vChina successfully launched its first man-made satellite in April,1970.vChina successfully launched first man-made satellite in April,1970.vChina successfully launched its first man-made satellite in A
10、pril,1970.1.上海博物馆是中国最大的博物馆之一，收藏有五千多幅中国传统国画。2.长江是世界上第三大河，全长6300公里，流域面积180万平方公里。3.难道六万万穷棒子不能在几十年内，由于自己的努力，变成一个社会主义的又富又强的国家吗？毛泽东选集第五卷227页4.我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。5.再坐一小时的车，就可以到那个村了。v1.上海博物馆是中国最大的博物馆之一，收藏有五千多幅中国传统国画。vShanghai Museum,one of the largest museums in China,collects more than 5000 pieces of tradi
11、tional Chinese paintings.v2、长江是世界上第三大河，全长6300公里，流域面积180万平方公里。vExtending as long as 6300kilometers,Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world,with its basin covering an area of 1.8 million square kilometers.v3难道六万万穷棒子不能在几十年内，由于自己的努力，变成一个社会主义的又富又强的国家吗？毛泽东选集第五卷227页vWhy cant 600 million“paupe
12、rs”create a prosperous and strong socialist country in several decades by their own efforts?v4我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。v Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capitalv5再坐一小时的车，就可以到那个村了。vAnother hours ride will bring us to the village.1、主语特征对比（人称与物称）人称与物称）v话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界。v主谓搭架
13、，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。1）主语与话题性质不同v1施事主语：v武松打死了老虎。武松走了。v2受事主语：v老虎被武松打死了。老虎打死了。v3类别属性主语（主谓之间的关系是说明类别性质的关系）：v武松是是最勇敢的人。武松最勇敢。v在汉语里，这种句子（即使把被动的动作也算进去，把“是”也算进去）的比例是不大的，也许比50%大不了多少。因此，在汉语里，把主语谓语当做话题说明来看待，比较合适。赵元任）v4与事主语：v打老虎武松有经验。（大主语话题）v5方式主语：v这么快他就发现了老虎的踪迹。（大主语话题）v6时间主语：v仅仅十分钟就打死了老虎.(大主语话题）v7地点主语：v小路上出现过老虎的脚印
14、。（大主语话题）v8工具主语：v这把猎枪(他)打死两只野兔了。（大主语话题）v45678、话题主语。v9零位主语：v刮风了。下雨了。v是这只打死的老虎吃过人。v主题显著（topic-prominent)语言 主语显著（subject-prominent)语言2）种类的有限与无限v话题的种类无限，主语是有限的，话题翻译可作英语的主语，宾语，状语等。v他家起火了。vHis home broke out fire.vA fire broke out in his house.v他的英语说得很好。vHis English speaks good.vHe speaks good English.v3）完
15、整与省略：英语主语不可或缺，汉语可有可无。v下倾盆大雨了。vIt is raining cats and dogs.v种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。vPlant melons and you get melons,sow beans you get beans-as you sow,so will you reap.v只闻说那恶僧在禅林吃酒行凶，济公哪里容得。vThe wicked monk was always hard-drinking and brawled and beat other monks.Ji Gong made up his mind to get rid of him.v细看来，不
16、是杨花，点点是离人泪。vLooked closely,they are not poplar flowers;they are tears of the parted.v4）人称与英语非人称主语vimpersonal subject sentencevHis new book hits off the American temperament with amazing insight.v他在新作中对美国人性格的描写可谓洞察秋毫。vAstonishment,apprehension,and even horror oppressed her.v她感到心情抑郁，甚至惊恐不安。vCourage de
17、serted him.v他失去了勇气。vThe morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.v登上甲板，我们便见到了一轮旭日。v（pure vs hybrid languageclassics）v发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔。vAfter I got angry,I felt neither sorrow nor regret.vNeither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.v进入青年期，他工作了，他恋爱了。vYouth sees him on a job and in lov
18、e.v2002年10月我在英国学习。vOctober 2002 found me studying in England.v为了编辑出版吴昌硕书画集，他还走访了许多吴老的学生和吴老的学生的学生。vHis interviews also included the painters students and their students to get in information for the publishing of the Selected Paintings of Wu Changshuo.v总结v主语的确定：我们要善于识别主语，并在译文中妥善地表现出来。vA：如果汉语句子的主题与句子的
19、主语一致，那么就直接将汉语中的主语译成英语中的主语。v1）三十多年来我一直没再见过他。v2）他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。v1）I have not seen him for over thirty years.v2）He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.vB：如果汉语句子的主题与句子的主语不一致，那么我们就应该将句子的主题转化成英语句子的主语。v1）昨天他们表演得很成功。v2）你问道此书从何而起？v1）Their performance yesterday was very successful.v2）What,you may ask,was
20、the origin of this book?vC:当然，主语的确定并非是绝对的，在许多情况下，同样一个汉语句子，由于侧重点的不同，其译文中主语的选择就可能有多种处理方法，具有一定的灵活性。这就要求我们根据具体情况具体对待。v1）这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。v2）只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。v1）The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter./vThe intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.v2
21、）A microscope is needed to see red cells./vRed cells can be seen only under the microscope.vD:有时候汉语句子没有主语，而英语句子一般是不可以没有主语的，那么我们一般要在译文中添加一个主语。v英汉翻译的启示：v汉语的句式要灵活点，大胆点，地道点。v1He has said all that is to be said about.v要说的话，他都说了。v2They have read little,but they have much experience.v他们书读得不多，而经验却很丰富。v3 It
22、is a task well within your powers.v这一任务，你完全能胜任。v这是一项你完全能胜任的任务.(语气平淡)Exercisesv1.国际奥林匹克运动委员会（国际奥委会）v2.国际货币基金组织v3.人均国内生产总值v4.消费物价指数v5.石油输出国组织v6.红十字国际委员会v7.联合国教科文组织v8.(联合国)国际法院；海牙国际法庭v亲子鉴定亲子鉴定v福布斯全球富豪榜福布斯全球富豪榜v1.IOC v2.IMF v3.per capita GDP v4.CPI v5.OPEC v6.ICRCv7.UNESCOv8.ICJvPaternity TestvForbess World Billionairesv那个寒冷的下午，他在雪地里跋涉。v我一时怎么也想不起他的名字。v他走起路来，不知不觉平添了几分尊严。v我说你好哥哥，也别叫这声色犬马给堵了心窍，知道个迷途知返。
