1、241Chinese Philosophy and Religion242儒家，道家，佛家（教）百家争鸣，焚书坑儒，罢黜百家，独尊儒术翻译：儒家学说为春秋时期孔丘所创，倡导血亲人伦、现世事功、修身存养、道德理性，其中心思想是孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻，其核心是“仁”。儒家学说经历代统治者的推崇，以及孔子后学的发展和传承，使其对中国文化的发展起了决定性的作用，在中国文化的深层观念中，无不打着儒家思想的烙印。243Hundred schools of thought contend.Revere the Confucianism and reject all other schools of
2、thought.burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive.244 Confucius Lao ZiShakyamuniConfucianismTaoismBuddhism2451.Who was Confucius?2.What is Confucianism?3.the main principles of Confucianism.top ten.ppt2461.Thinker2.Educator3.Statesman4.Philosopher5.Founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism
3、 6.Symbol of traditional Chinese culture247Full name:Confucius;Kong Qiu Born:9.28.551 BC Qufu,Lu Died:479 BC(aged 71 or 72)Qufu,Lu 248Confucius was born in a poor family.His father,commander of a district in Lu,died three years after Confucius was born.孔子的故事_第2集249Confucianism:a school of thought re
4、presented by Confucius and Mencius.2410Confucius Golden Rule is:What you do not want done to yourself,do not do unto others.2411 Self-development,Family-discipline,Local self-government,and Universal self-government.修身 齐家 治国 平天下2412Three Cardinal Guides Five RelationshipsFive Virtues or five ethics三
5、纲、五伦、五常2413ruler guides subject 君为臣纲father guides son 父为子纲husband guides wife 夫为妻纲2414Ruler-minister:benevolence-loyalty 忠Father-son:kindness-filial piety 孝Husband-wife:righteousness-obedience 忍Elder-younger brother:gentility-humility 悌(敬爱兄长)Friend-friend:consideration-deference 善2415仁：仁：义：义：礼：礼：智：智
6、：信：信：Benevolence,to be humanity,mercy and kindness;Justness,to be righteousness;Rituals,custom and law,to be polite;Wisdom,to be knowledgeable and well educated;Trust,to be sincere and credible.2416affection and love1.The central doctrine of Confucianism.2.The most important moral quality one can po
7、ssess.2417Ren means to love others.仁者爱人To completely overcome selfishness and keep to li(propriety)is ren.克己复礼为仁2418Li has two meanings:1.Propriety(互惠互惠):a set of manners or knowledge of how to behave in a given situation.2.Ritual:when life is detailed to Confucius lengths it becomes completely orde
8、red.24191.On education and learning2.On politics3.On life(philosophical and religious ideas)24201.On education and learning2421 In teaching people,there is no discrimination(of class,type,etc.)有教无类有教无类His Philosophy of Education2422Learning without satiety,instructing others without being wearied.学而
9、不厌，诲人不倦。学而不厌，诲人不倦。When three men are walking together,there is one who can be my teacher.三人行三人行,必有我师焉。必有我师焉。2423Reviewing what you have learned and learning anew,you are fit to be a teacher.温故而知新,可以为师矣Learning without thinking leads to confusion;thinking without learning ends in danger.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆
10、2424He was quick and devoted to learning,and not ashamed to asked those below him.敏而好学，不耻下问What you know,you know,what you dont know,you dont know.This is knowledge.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也 2425Work hard when you are young or regret it when you are old.活到老学到老2426Confucius and his disciples.2427Confucius is r
11、egarded as:“the Great and Revered Teacher”;至圣先师至圣先师“a teacher of all generations”万世师表万世师表2428Confucian temple探索发现【跨越时空的文明】19古代建筑.flv24292.On politics(political points of view)2430How to have a good government and harmonious human relations?1.a community that works by virtue and moral examples rather
12、 than punishment and rules.3.A good government was good officials.A“good official”had to master the Five Virtues.4.He calls for the wise sage to be a ruler.24313.On life(philosophical and religious ideas)24321.A firm believer in“the ordinance of Heaven”.the Heavenly Way2.Death and life have their de
13、termined appointment;riches and honors depend upon heaven.3.Heaven is irresistable-Heavenly Fate.2433What you do not want done to yourself,do not do to others.己所不欲，勿施于人己所不欲，勿施于人Keep what you say and carry out what you do.言必信，行必果言必信，行必果Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters
14、?有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？The most valuable use of the rites is to achieve harmony.礼之用，和为贵礼之用，和为贵All Men Are Brothers.四海之内皆兄弟四海之内皆兄弟2434A Son should not stray far from his parents while they are alive.父母在不远游2435If a man take no thought about what is distant,he will find sorrow near at hand.人无远虑，必有近忧T
15、hose whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another.道不同，不相为谋2436儒家学说为春秋时期孔丘所创，倡导血亲人伦、现世事功、修身存养、道德理性，其中心思想是孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻，其核心是“仁”。儒家学说经历代统治者的推崇，以及孔子后学的发展和传承，使其对中国文化的发展起了决定性的作用，在中国文化的深层观念中，无不打着儒家思想的烙印。2437One cannot discuss Confucianism without at least mentioning the man the Chinese ca
16、ll The Second Sage.2438MenciusMencius探索发现 跨越时空的文明 04 高清.kux2439Mencius孟母三易其居教子孟母断布教子五子说 28.flv24402441孟子周游列国2442孟子晚年著书立说：孟子2443南宋时朱熹将孟子与论语、大学、中庸合在一起称“四书”。孟子是四书中篇幅最大的部头最重的一本，有三万五千多字，从此直到清末，“四书”一直是科举必考内容。24441.Politics2.EthicsMencius thought24451.PoliticsMencius thought2446a）A people-oriented thoughts
17、 以人为本以人为本 The people are the most highly valued,next come the gods of the land and grain,the sovereign is light.民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。2447谁将孟子搬出了孔庙？谁将孟子搬出了孔庙？孟子里有一句孟子里有一句“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。”-与老百姓和国家相比，国君最不重要。与老百姓和国家相比，国君最不重要。这句话惹毛了朱元璋。他大发雷霆，宣布罢免孟子配享孔庙，这句话惹毛了朱元璋。他大发雷霆，宣布罢免孟子配享孔庙，将孟子的牌位撤出孔庙，谁也不许上奏反对，否则
18、以将孟子的牌位撤出孔庙，谁也不许上奏反对，否则以“大不敬大不敬”罪处死。罪处死。2448孟子继承和发展了孔子的德治思想，发展为仁政学说，成为其政治思想的核心。孟子的政治论，是以仁政为内容的王道。Develop the Confucius theory of moral ideas.Mencius political theory:a benevolent reign by the ruler over his subjects.24492.EthicsMencius thought2450The human nature is good.性善论性善论 在中国人性论史上，第一个提出性善论。在他的
19、思想体系中是一个中心环节.“性善论”是一套唯心主义的说法，不过，孟子以“性善论”为人们修养品德和行王道仁政的理论根据；还具有一定程度的积极意义。245124521.Thus,when Heaven is about to confer a great office on any man,it first exercises his mind with suffering,and his sinews and bones with toil.It exposes his body to hunger,and subjects him to extreme poverty.It confounds
20、 his undertakings.By all these methods it stimulates his minds,hardens his nature,and supplies his incompentencies.天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，增益其所不空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，增益其所不能。能。孟子（孟子孟子（孟子告子下）告子下）24532.You cant have your cake and eat it too.鱼我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也，二者
21、不可兼得，舍鱼而求熊掌者也。或译为：You cant sell the cow and drink the milk.24543.Life springs from sorrow and calamity,and death from ease and pleasure.生于忧患，死于安乐。4.Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards 无规矩不成方圆。24555.The benevolent have no enemy.仁者无敌。仁者无敌。6.Every person can be sage.人皆可为尧舜。人皆可为尧舜。245
22、67.Expend the respect of the aged in ones family to that of other families;expend the love of the young ones in ones family to that of other families.老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。8.Opportunities vouchsafed by heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages,which in turn are less important than the unity
23、among people.天时不如地利，地利不如人和。天时不如地利，地利不如人和。24571.what was the aim and purpose of Confucius and Mencius?why?2.why did the ancient Chinese people receive confucianism but not the other schools of thoughts?What is the core of Confucianism?3.Why did not Confucius and Mencius think of rule of law at first?
24、What did the western people think about at that time?4.List the positive aspects(essence)and negative aspects(dross)of Confucianism.(at least five aspects respectively)2458Confucius Institutes：孔子学院和孔子学堂孔子学院和孔子学堂在世界在世界108个国家建立了个国家建立了400所孔子学院和所孔子学院和500多个孔子多个孔子课堂。课堂。注册学汉语学员总数达注册学汉语学员总数达655万人。万人。此外，有此外，
25、有76个国家的个国家的400多所大学正申办孔院。多所大学正申办孔院。2459为什么现在全世界都兴起儒学热，特别是中国？为什么现在全世界都兴起儒学热，特别是中国？background of the Spring and Autumn Peroid:The moral degeneration of society is getting worse.礼崩乐坏礼崩乐坏 礼崩乐坏礼崩乐坏.pptNothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.无规矩不成方圆无规矩不成方圆跨越时空的文明跨越时空的文明 02春秋战国春秋战国.flv2460han
26、dle the relationnship between man and nature.stress the maintenance of a stable system of inter-personal relationships at different levels of society.stress the importance of kindness,duty and order in society.bring ways of man and government in harmony with each other and with the universe.24611.He
27、 is the molder of the Chinese mind and character.2.His thoughts shaped and molded Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system knowledge.3.He laid down the foundation of Chinese education,and he is regarded as the“Great and Revered Teacher”(至圣先师),a teacher of all gener
28、ations(万世师表).2462探索发现 跨越时空的文明 04 高清.kux2463孔子恪守“以伦理为业”，这是孔子的命根子。类似于真正的宗教信徒对于宗教教义的信心。体现了早期法家与早期儒家儒家关于法律、关于国家治理的不同立场。同时，在这个问题的背后，实际上是现实主义与理想主义的对峙，政治家伦理与思想家伦理的分野。2464The ups and downs of confucianism创立儒学，宣传推广创立儒学，宣传推广春秋战国 秦 汉 宋 明清 清末 焚书坑儒焚书坑儒独尊儒术独尊儒术天人感应天人感应君权神授君权神授理学理学朱熹朱熹存天理，灭人性存天理，灭人性四书四书名存实亡名存实亡董仲舒
29、董仲舒:新儒学新儒学篡改篡改 a neo-Confucianism derivative of Taoism and Buddhism.thinking highly of natural sciences法家法家2465Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism are the three great thoughts.Most social values are derived from Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism.ItemCentral FigureNeonatal DateDurationSumConfucianismConfucius479 BCTo 2010 2500 yearsTaoismLaozi6th century BCTo 20102500 yearsBuddhismSakyamuni6th century BC into China in 6th Century ADTo 20101500 years
