1、 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。definition 动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，其可以做主语，宾语，状语，定语，表语，补语或单独使用。1：动词不定式直接做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。2：动词不定式做主语，常用it做形式主语，结构为：it is+adj+for sb to do sth。:3：带疑问词的不定式短语做主语常置于句首。动词不定式（to do）动词不定式做表语，常用在be动词或appe
2、ar，seem，happen等系动词后，构成系表结构。说明主语的性质，特征及内容。Eg：he seems well-known。A：being B：to be C：having been D：beenEg：The best way to improve our English is an English club。Ajoining B：to join C：have joined D：having joined 用作宾语的动词不定式，常用在动词ask，choose,expect，begin prefer，learn，wish，want，Would like，know，forget，refuse等
3、及物动词后，构成动宾短语。Eg：I wish English well。A：leaning B：to learn C：learned D：learnEg：my roommates often ask me her to play chess。A：to teach B：teaching C：taught D：teach 动词feel，find，make，believe，think等，在语法上不接受不定式to do 做宾语，从而用it做形式宾语，将动词不定式后置。结构为：主语+feel/make/think it+adj+for sb to do sth.Eg:我认为再尝试一遍是必要的 Eg:我发
4、现记住每件事是困难的 I think it necessary to try againI find it difficult to remember everything.用作定语的动词不定式一般都位于被修饰的名词之后。Eg：I have so much homework to do today。I cant think of any good advice to give her。通常chance，place，time，way等名词后接不定式做定语，另外在the first，the only，the second，the last等词后，也常用不定式做定语。Eg：he needs time
5、 to do homework。you are the first man to arrive at there。动词不定式做宾语补足语，在主动语态里不带to，在被动语态里带to的动词为感官动词或使役动词。“四看”：look at、watch、Observe、see “三让”：let、make、have “二听”：listen to、hear “一感觉”：feel “一注意”：noticeEg：the picture makes me feel tense we want to see him achieve his dream。要求，允许，提议，警告（ask，allow，permit，war
6、n，advise）期望，邀请，鼓励（suppose，expect，invite，encourage）教导，告诉，想要（teach，tell，want）希望，愿意（wish，would like、love）Eg：I invite her to have dinner at my house。teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首表强调，为加强语气。常与in order或so as 组成短语。置于句首只用to do或in order to do。结果状语，多见于“too.to.或enough
7、to.”结构中。原因状语，多见于“sb+be+adj+to do”结构中。独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事件的看法。Eg：Id like to keep healthy,but to be honest,I only eat the food tastes good.Help 后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态里或动词不定式否定式做补语时要带to。Eg：Using e-mail English helps you write quickly。Be said、be sure、seem、happen等词后可以接动词不定式做宾语补足语
8、。Eg：he doesnt seem to have many friends。1：使役动词have、make、Let后接不定式。2：would rather、had better后。3：why.或why not 后。4：感官动词后。动词不定式前可以带疑问词，what、which、who或疑问副词why、how、when，where等，这种结构起名词作用，在句中做主语，宾语，表语或单独使用。Why后面不定式不带to。Eg：I dont know what to do next。where to go is not decided yet。what to do next？用作主语（动名词做主语谓
9、语动词用单数）直接位于句首做主语直接位于句首做主语 Eg：在夏天，游泳是我最喜欢的运动。Eg：爬山真有趣。用用itit做形式主语，真正主语置于句尾做后置主语。做形式主语，真正主语置于句尾做后置主语。it is no use/no good+doing(做是没有用处的）it is a waste of time+doing（做是浪费时间）it is hard+doing（做很艰难）it is fun+doing（做很有趣）Swimming is my favorite sport in summer。Climbing mountains is really fun语法特征 doing Havin
10、g done Having been done Being done一般主动式完成主动式完成被动式一般被动式时态的确定：判断与句子谓语动词发生的先后关系。语态的确定：看动名词与句中逻辑主语的关系。做表语 动名词做表语时句子主语常表示无生命的事物的名词或动名词做表语时句子主语常表示无生命的事物的名词或whatwhat引引导的名词性从句，表语动名词与主语是对等的关系，表示主语导的名词性从句，表语动名词与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语，表语位置可互换的内容。主语，表语位置可互换。Eg：你的任务就是擦窗户 Eg：他的兴趣是弹钢琴。Eg：我最痛恨的是被别人欺骗。做定语（表示被修饰词的某种用途）A
11、 walking stick=a stick for walking=a stick which is used to walkingA reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used to readingYour task is cleaning the windowsHis hobby is playing the piano。What I hate is being cheated by others用作宾语 做动词的做动词的宾语宾语 Eg：我很喜欢打篮球。Eg:他不介意等我们。做介词的宾语做介词的宾语 Eg：我害怕失去这次珍贵的
12、机会。Eg：他擅长用英语写作。I like playing basketball very much。He doesnt mind waiting for us。I am afraid of losing this precious opportunityHe is adept at writing in English可以接to do和doing，意义不同 to do忘记要做某事 to do开始做某事 doing忘记做了某事 doing停止做某事forgetstoprememberto do记得要做某事doing记得做过某事regretto dodoing遗憾要做某事后悔做过某事try努力做
13、某事尝试做某事mean学会了做某事只可接v-ing做宾语的 喜欢、考虑、不可免（enjoy、consider、avoid）坚持、想象，别介意（insist on、imagine、mind）否认、放弃、该继续（deny、give up、go on）承认、理解，很值得（admit、understand、be worth）期待、完成，不推迟（look forward to、finish、put off）建议、练习、别错过（advice、practice、miss）习惯于：be used to 注意：pay attention to 指向：point to 转向：turn to 属于：belong t
14、o 等同：equal to 反对：object to动词动词-ed形式形式的特征的特征 1：动词动词ed形式形式表示已完成的动作表示已完成的动作。The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.2：及物动词及物动词的的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。形式一般表示被动的意思。Given more time,I could have solved that riddle.3:不及物不及物动词动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。动的含义。逃犯：an escaped prison
15、er=a prisoner who has escaped Like、love、prefer、hate+to do表示具体行为+doing 表示抽象概念，如果这些动词前有should，则只能用to do。Need、want、deserve+doing表被动含义 Eg：the clothes needs washing。做宾语补足语做宾语补足语 在感觉在感觉动动see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find等等后作宾语补足语。后作宾语补足语。我们发现所有的河流都被污染了。在在使役使役动词动词get,have,make,leave,keep等等后后作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。他提高
16、他的音量以便让他自己听到。We found all the rivers seriously pollutedHe raise his voice in order to make himself heard动词动词-ed形式形式的功能的功能 做做表语表语（动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态）Eg：The students are fully prepared.When we got there,the shop was closed.要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。Eg：Peter the Great is burie
17、d here.Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.某些动词后want,need,prefer,wouldlike，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省“to be”，就成了动词ed形式作宾语补足语。Eg：I would like this matter(to be)settled immediately.The peasants dont want good farmland(to be)built on.动词动词ed形式形式也可用也可用在在with(without)结构结构中，作介词的宾语补足中，作介词的宾语补足语。语。每件事都安排好了，他离开了办公室。
18、如果不给更多时间，我们在三周内完成不了这个任务。With everything well arranged，he left the office。Without any more time given，we cant finish the task within three weeks。表示表示条件条件:动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated,water changes into steam.=If water is heated,it would change into streamGiven more time,he would be able to do be
19、tter=If he was given more time,he would be able to do better为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.做状语做状语表示表示时间：时间：动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Seen from the tower,the city looks beautiful.=When the city is seen from the tower，it is beautiful.When aske
20、d why she was late for class again,she hung her head in shame.表示表示原因原因:动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Written in haste,her letter is very hard to read.=As it was written in haste,her letter is very hard to readExcited by the new discovery,we decided to go out and celebrate.=Because we were excited by th
21、e new discovery,we decided to.做定语做定语 前置前置定语：定语：单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语Eg：When we arrived,we each were given a printed question paper.All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.后置后置定语：定语：作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。Eg：We have read many novels written by this author.(=that are written by this author)
