1、2020版高考英语新攻略总复习山东外研专用课件：第二部分-语法-专题八-定语从句考向分析考向分析 定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种,是三大从句中考查最频繁的从句,在语法填空和短文改错两种题型中均有涉及,考查的重点是that,which,who,whose,when,where等关系词的用法。一、关系代词引导的定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句单句填空单句填空考点清单语境运用语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that/which showed a
2、 mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.答案答案that/which句意:该报告的其中两名作者在2014年还发表了一项研究,这项研究表明每天只跑步5至10分钟便可以降低患心脏病或由于各种原因导致过早死亡的危险。本题考查定语从句。先行词为study,指“物”;将先行词代入定语从句后为:A study showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the
3、 risk of heart disease and.,由此可见关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。2.(2017课标全国卷)Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,which is not good for the health.答案答案which考查定语从句。句意:和其他东西一样,两者都有可能食用过多,这对健康是没有好处的。设空处指代前面的一句话,引导非限制性定语从句,故填which。3.My eldest son,whose work takes him all over the world,is in
4、New York at the moment.答案答案whose句意:我的大儿子现在在纽约,他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词son,设空处在从句中作定语修饰work,所以要用关系代词whose。4.The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 per-cent in just one year.答案答案as句意:正如报道的那样,吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填as。as is reported正如报道的那样。单句改错
5、单句改错5.(2017课标全国卷)In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.thatwhich 答案答案thatwhich逗号之后是非限制性定语从句,先行词为garden,关系词在从句中作主语,故用which而不能用that引导非限制性定语从句。6.(2017课标全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in
6、my life at that time:car magazines and musical instru-ments.theywhich/that 答案答案theywhich/thatthings为先行词,之后是定语从句,关系词在从句中作主语,因此应用which或that作为引导词,they改为which/that。1.关系代词that与which的用法辨析只用that的情况:(1)先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词;(2)先行词被all,any,every,no,little(少),much,
7、some等修饰;(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时;用法精讲用法精讲(4)先行词被the only,the very(正好、恰好),the last修饰;(5)先行词既有人也有物;(6)在以which或who开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。This is the very film that I want to see.这正是一部我想看的影片。The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are well known now.你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。先行词指
8、物时,只用which的情况:(1)引导非限制性定语从句;(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前。The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,which he remembers starting as early as his childhood.世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结,他记得这种情结始于他的童年。The result was not the same as they had expected,which was rather disap-pointing.结果与当初他们预料的不一样,这
9、让人觉得很失望。2.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活,可位于句首、句中,也可置于句末搭配上 无动词的限制定语从句谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see、hear、know、expect、remember等She married again,which was unexpected.她再婚了,这是始料不及的。She married again,as we expected.正如我们预料的那样,她再婚了。3.其他关系代词的用法辨析关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从
10、句中可省略)whose(=of whom/of which)人或物定语Each graduate standing in the playground,who was accompanied by a parent,would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上,由校长给他们颁发文凭。My daughter,whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling,is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家,她的工作需要经常出差。二、关系副词引导的
11、定语从句二、关系副词引导的定语从句单句填空单句填空1.When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.语境运用语境运用答案答案where地点名词market为先行词,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导定语从句。2.The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early human
12、s.答案答案why空前的reason为先行词,关系词在从句中作原因状语,故用关系副词why引导定语从句。3.Ive got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown,hard,but interesting.答案答案wherepoint为先行词,关系词在从句中作状语,故用where引导定语从句。单句改错单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.whic
13、hwhere 答案答案whichwhere或which前加in考查定语从句的关系词。先行词为a small pond(一个小池塘),代入定语从句后可知关系词作地点状语,所以应该用关系副词where;关系副词可以相当于“介词+which”,所以根据定语从句的意思“他们在小池塘里养鱼”可知,在which前加in,构成in which(=where)引导的定语从句。三个关系副词引导的定语从句用法精讲用法精讲关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语It has set up a big stage for young people with a talent
14、for music,where some have stood out among them.它为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台,在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。三、三、“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of whic
15、h has been proved.答案答案which句意:就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论,但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories,将先行词代入定语从句后可知关系词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故答案为which。2.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.答案答案whose句意:1963年,联合国成立了世界粮食计划署,这个组织的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是the Wo
16、rld Food Programme,与定语从句中的purposes是所属关系,即the World Food Programmes purposes,故填whose。单句改错单句改错3.Alice asked the policeman with she worked to contact her whenever there was an accident.with后加whom 答案答案with后加whom先行词为policeman,指人,关系词在定语从句中作介词with的宾语,故应用whom作为定语从句的引导词。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的两个考查点1.考查该结构中关系代词的选用
17、若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构,whose指人、物皆可。With the fast development of agriculture,the people,in whose village she taught 10 years ago,have lived a happy life.随着农业的快速发展,在她10年前教书的村子里,人们已经过上幸福的生活。用法精讲用法精讲2.考查该结构中介词的选用(1)一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:先行词的意义;从句中动词的固
18、定搭配;句子的意思。(2)表示“整体和部分关系”时,介词常用of。常见结构:在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词后可以用of which/whom。“the+比较级或最高级”后用of which/whom等。The children,all of whom had played the whole day long,were worn out.孩子们玩了一整天,都累坏了。四、分隔式定语从句四、分隔式定语从句单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.We really love Indian food and s
19、uch occasions are very rare when we have so many foods available at such low prices.答案答案when空格处之前的先行词occasions指时间,且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,故填when。单句改错单句改错2.I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,when my classmates recommended to me.whenwhich 答案答案whenwhich先行词为book,且关系词在非限制性定语从句中作recomm
20、ended的宾语,故应用which引导定语从句。定语从句往往紧跟在先行词之后,但是有时可能会在从句和先行词之间插入其他成分,使从句与先行词分隔开来,从而形成了分隔式定语从句(也可称为“间隔式定语从句”)。如:Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship.(先行词student和定语从句被介词短语“in his class”隔开)汤姆是他的班里第一个获得奖学金的学生。用法精讲用法精讲定语从句三步解题法技巧点拨例1Some people think that the great Chinese scholar
21、Confucius,who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.例2After living in Australia for many years,Louise finally returned to the country where she was born.答案例1 who例2 where例1考查非限制性定语从句。从句中缺少主语,先行词Confucius(孔子)指人,故需用关系代词who引导定语从句。例2句意:在澳大利亚生活了许多年之后,路易丝最后回到了她出生的那个国家。先行词为the country,将先行词代入定语从句后为:She was born in the country.,由此可见先行词在定语从句中与介词in一起作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
