1、语法填空和短文改错语法填空和短文改错高考英语复习：语法填空高考英语复习：语法填空精通题型解题技巧有的放矢拿高分(2019全国卷)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88，there is evidence 1_ they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It
2、is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 2_(poor)studied；however，biologists calculate that there are about 20,00025,000 polar bears worldwide.that poorly Modern methods 3_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s，an
3、d are expensive 4_(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 5_(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a 6_(believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by 7_(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)
4、around human settlements，leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 8_(high)than they actually are.Of 9_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six 10_(be)stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.of/for to perform have reported belief noting higher the are 文
5、章大意：主题：人与自然(自然生态)；话题：北极熊现状。本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北极熊种群数量越来越少、亟须保护的现状。1解析：考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。2解析：考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。3解析：考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。4解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语beadj.不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。5解析：考查时态。根据句中的时间状语in re
6、cent years可判断用现在完成时。6解析：考查词性转换(动词变名词)。根据空格前的不定冠词a可知，此处应填believe的名词形式belief(看法，信念)。7解析：考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词时，应用其动名词形式。respond by doing sth.通过做某事回应。8解析：考查形容词比较级。根据空格后的than可知，此处应用high的比较级形式higher。9解析：考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。10解析：考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；six指代six polar bear subpopulations，谓语动词应用复数。一、提示类
7、填空这种形式主要考查动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词的形式、词性转换、名词的数、形容词和副词的比较级与最高级。解答这类题目时，首先需要判断设空处在句子中的功能，其次再决定该用什么形式。(一)提示词为动词解题模板1.考查谓语动词如果句子中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已经有谓语动词，但需要填的动词与之并列，那么所给动词就是谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态、主谓一致和虚拟语气。(2019全国卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene _(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36ye
8、arold business.Irene said.解题步骤分析句子结构(picking作状语，是非谓语动词)句子缺少谓语考虑语态由句意知用主动语态考虑时态由后面的had和said可知，用一般过去时态。尝试解答：_典例1 declared(2019浙江卷)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody _(have)to worry about fashion(时尚)解题步骤分析句子结构(when引导时间状语从句)句子缺少谓语考虑语态由句意知用主动语态考虑时态本句是when引导的时间状语从句，遵循主将从现原则，因此，主句可以使用将
9、来时will do；根据语境可知，本文叙述的是客观事实，因此，本句亦可用一般现在时，主语是nobody，谓语用单数尝试解答：_典例2 will have/has(2019浙江卷)When the children are walking or _(cycle)to school on dark mornings,car drivers can easily see them.解题步骤分析句子结构(主句完整，从句是when引导的时间状语从句)句子缺少谓语考虑语态由句意知用主动语态考虑时态or连接两个并列成分，根据or前的walking可知，此处要用cycling尝试解答：_典例3 cycling
10、(2018北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _(trap)in the mountains for two days.解题步骤分析句子结构(who引导定语从句)句子缺少谓语考虑语态由句意“一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。”知用被动语态。典例4考虑时态由risked可知，营救人员救游客是过去的事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即“过去的过去”，该空应用过去完成时态。过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，其表达形式为had done，被动语
11、态的表达形式为had been done。尝试解答：_ had been trapped 2考查非谓语动词如果句子中已有谓语动词，又不是并列关系时，所给动词通常是非谓语动词，就要确定用动词ing形式、过去分词还是不定式，同时还要考虑非谓语动词的时态和语态。作主语或宾语时，通常用动词ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。作定语时，动词与被修饰词之间是主动关系用动词ing形式，是被动关系用过去分词，如果强调将来的动作，用不定式。作状语时，关键也是要看清与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系。当表示目的时，则只有不定式形式。(2019全国卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Ach
12、ievement”award,proud Irene declared she had no plans _(retire)from her 36yearold business.解题步骤分析句子结构句子已有谓语，应用非谓语分析非谓语动词句法功能plan后接不定式作定语尝试解答：_典例1 to retire(2019江苏卷)_(enjoy)the convenience of digital payment,many senior citizens started to use smart phones.解题步骤分析句子结构句子已有谓语，应用非谓语分析非谓语动词句法功能非谓语动词作目的状语联想
13、不定式的句法功能尝试解答：_典例2 To enjoy(2019江苏卷)Chinas image is improving steadily,with more countries _(recognize)its role in international affairs.解题步骤分析句子结构句子已有谓语，应用非谓语分析非谓语动词句法功能非谓语动词作宾语补足语联想分词的句法功能尝试解答：_典例3 recognizing(2018北京卷)_(travel)along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.解题步骤分
14、析句子结构句子已有谓语，应用非谓语分析非谓语动词句法功能非谓语动词作主语联想动名词的句法功能尝试解答：_典例4 Travelling(2018北京卷)Ordinary soap,_(use)correctly,can deal with bacteria effectively.解题步骤分析句子结构句子已有谓语，应用非谓语分析非谓语动词句法功能非谓语动词作状语联想分词的句法功能Ordinary soap与use之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词尝试解答：_典例5 used 3考查词性转换所给的提示词虽然是动词，但空格处既不考查谓语动词也不考查非谓语动词，那就可能是词性转换。转换成名词时，还要注意名
15、词的单复数。(2019浙江卷)Other American studies showed no _(connect)between uniforms and school performance.解题步骤分析句子成分空格前的no，后接名词connect的名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词可用单数也可用复数尝试解答：_ 典 例 connection/connections(二)提示词为形容词或者副词所给提示词为副词时，就要考虑是否要变为比较级；提示词为形容词时，可能要进行词性转换也可能要变为形容词的比较级。解题模板(2018全国卷)According to a review of evidence
16、 in a medical journal,runners live three years _(long)than nonrunners.解题步骤分析句子成分空格前有数词，后有比较级的标志词than根据所做分析判断此处用比较级尝试解答：_典例1 longer(2019浙江卷)When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings,car drivers can _(easy)see them.解题步骤分析句子成分空格前有情态动词can，后有动词原形see根据所做分析判断此处用副词修饰动词尝试解答：_典例2 eas
17、ily(三)提示词为名词提示词为名词时，一般考查单复数的变化。有时候也考查词性转换。解题模板(2019北京卷)No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various _(activity)on Earth Day.解题步骤分析句子成分空格处作介词in的宾语根据所作句子成分分析判断此处用名词空前的various判断用复数尝试解答：_典例1 activities(2018全国卷)To avoid knee pain,you can run on soft surfaces,do exercises to _(s
18、trength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.解题步骤分析句子成分do是谓语动词知，空格前to是不定式根据所作句子成分判断此处用动词原形尝试解答：_典例2 strengthen(2019浙江卷)School uniforms are _(tradition)in Britain,but some schools are starting to get rid of them.解题步骤分析句子成分空格前的are，后接形容词作表语尝试解答：_典例3 traditional(四)提示词为代词提示词为代词时，一般
19、考查人称代词转换为物主代词或者反身代词。解题模板(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find _(they)alive.解题步骤分析句子成分空格处作动词find的宾语根据所作句子成分判断此处用宾格形式尝试解答：_典例1 them(全国卷)On my recent visit,I help a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _(it)mother.解题步骤分析句子成分空格处作mother的定语根据所作句子成分判断
20、此处用形容词性物主代词形式尝试解答：_典例2 its 二、自由类填空这种形式主要考查考生对语篇的理解和逻辑关系的把握以及对固定搭配和常见句式的掌握程度：考查的内容主要是介词、冠词、代词、连词、情态动词、连接代词和连接副词、关系代词和关系副词以及句式：因为没有提示词，考生需要根据文章大意和上下文语境以及对长难句结构的分析来判断设空处在句子中的功能，以确定其词性和意义，最后确定内容。解题模板1.填介词如果名词或者代词在句子中不作主语、表语或者动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。高考通常考查介词与动词、形容词或者名词的搭配。做题时应该先根据上下文和句意推断出设空处的具体意思，然后根据熟记的短语来确定要
21、填的词。在学习的过程中应注意对短语的归纳、积累、比较和记忆。(2019浙江卷)But can uniforms help improve school standards?The answer _ this question is not clear.解题步骤分析句子成分空格后是名词判断应该用介词根据空格前名词answer确定答案尝试解答：_典例1 to(2018全国卷)I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.解题步骤分析句子成分空格后中心词是名词gorillas判断应该用介词根据固定搭配
22、search for.确定答案尝试解答：_典例2 for 2填冠词如果空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或者特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么，这个空格处要填写冠词。(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.解题步骤分析句子空格处缺少冠词根据固定搭配over the past一段时间确定答案尝试解答：_典例1 the(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly,Im face
23、toface with the gorilla,who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.解题步骤分析句子空格处缺少冠词根据固定搭配at the top of确定答案尝试解答：_典例2 the 3填代词it的用法是考查的重点。特别是it作形式主语和形式宾语的句型中。也可能考查人称代词。Now it occurred to _ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.剖析：句意：现在看来，好像他的农场是非常有潜力的，奶牛的死也似乎给
24、他带来了好运气。It occurred to sb.that.“某人突然发现”，这是一个固定的句型，因为这篇短文讲述的是约翰逊(Johnson)，故填him。典 例 him The frozen parts of the city also make _ easier for residents to skate around.剖析：这里考查的是it作形式宾语的情况。分析句子结构可知，make是谓语动词，easier是宾语补足语，不定式是真正的宾语，用it作形式宾语代替了。4填并列连词分析句子结构，如果空格前后是两个并列的成分，如两个并列单词、短语或者句子等，而且相互并列的成分之间为并列、转折
25、、选择、因果关系，这时候就要填并列连词。it In much of Asia,especially the socalled“rice bowl”cultures of China,Japan，Korea，_ Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.解题步骤分析句子结构句子缺少连词根据句子中的逻辑关系判断空格前列举的三个国家与空格后的Vietnam是并列关系尝试解答：_ 典 例 and 5填从句连接词从句连接词是指引导状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句的引导词。判断空格处要填哪类引导词，首先要分析句子成分，看看它引导哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种
26、类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_ she opened with her late husband Les.解题步骤分析句子判断此处是非限制性定语从句判断先行词在从句中所作成分作opened的宾语判定先行词是shop，先行词指物尝试解答：_典例1 which(2019浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in th
27、e dark.解题步骤分析句子判断此处是限制性定语从句判断先行词在从句中所作成分作主语判定先行词是cloth，先行词指物尝试解答：_典例2 which/that(2018江苏卷)Selfdriving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.解题步骤分析句子判断此处为限制性定语从句判断关系词在从句中所作成分在句中作状语判断先行词是area，先行词指地点尝试解答：_典例3 where(2018北京卷)This is _ my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.解题步骤分析句子结构空格所在句在系动词is之后判断此处为表语从句根据从句中所缺成分从句中缺少taught的宾语尝试解答：_典例4 what(2018北京卷)_ we dont stop climate change,many animals and plants in the world will be gone.解题步骤分析句子结构句子缺少连词根据句意if表示条件尝试解答：_典例5 If
