1、*burdengeophysicist core socialistresign n.（义务、责任等的）重担，（义务、责任等的）重担，负担负担n.地球物理学家地球物理学家adj.核心的；最重要的核心的；最重要的n.核心，最重要的部分核心，最重要的部分adj.社会主义的社会主义的n.社会主义者社会主义者 vt.&vi.辞职，辞去辞职，辞去 Read after the tape and speak out the Chinese immediately.ward substantial mineral superb photographern.病房病房adj.大量的，价值巨大的；大量的，价值巨大
2、的；结实的，牢固的结实的，牢固的 n.矿物，矿物质矿物，矿物质adj.极佳的，卓越的，质量极佳的，卓越的，质量极高的极高的n.摄影师，拍照者摄影师，拍照者 guiltyashamedforgivecheatadj.感到内疚的，感到惭愧感到内疚的，感到惭愧的；有罪的，有过失的的；有罪的，有过失的adj.惭愧，羞愧，尴尬惭愧，羞愧，尴尬vt.&vi.(forgave,forgiven)原谅，宽恕；免除（债务）原谅，宽恕；免除（债务）vt.欺骗，蒙骗欺骗，蒙骗 vi.作弊，舞弊作弊，舞弊 Which of them is an adverbial clause?vI believe that he
3、is innocent.vShe was reading a novel when I called her.vI want to learn from the girl who sings best in my class.含义：用来含义：用来修饰修饰主句，说明主句事情发生的主句，说明主句事情发生的时间时间、地地点点、原因原因、方式方式、结果结果、目的目的等的从句叫状语从句。等的从句叫状语从句。准确理解每个准确理解每个引导引导词的含义词的含义是掌握状是掌握状语从句的关键语从句的关键。Below is a news story about a Chinese scientist.Find th
4、e sentences with adverbial clauses and classify them.adverbial clause of concession condition time reason result place purposecondition reasonpurpose1.Bamboo grows best where it is warm and it rains often.2.No matter when(=Whenever)I was in trouble,he was always there to help me.3.Ill speak slowly s
5、o that you can understand me.4.Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.5.Do as you are told,or youll be fired.Classify these adverbial clauses.PurposePlaceConcessionResultMannerFocus on Focus on 基本用法基本用法状语从句在主从复合句中修饰状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词，主句中的动词、形容词或副词，按作用可分为按作用可分为时间、地点、原时间、地点、原
6、因、目的、结果、条件、方式、因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步比较、让步等状语从句。等状语从句。whenwhiletill/untilas soon asevery timesinceas.the moment When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我我住在那里时住在那里时，星期天常去海滨去。，星期天常去海滨去。When the film ended,the people went back.电影电影一结束一结束，看电影的人便回去了。，看电影的人便回去了。从属连词从属连词when可用来引导时间状语从句可用来引导
7、时间状语从句,意意为为“当当的时候的时候”。从句的谓语从句的谓语动词可以动词可以是是延续的延续的，也可以是，也可以是短暂的短暂的。引导词引导词when的用法的用法Please dont talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时请别那么大声谈话。别人在工作时请别那么大声谈话。1.从属连词从属连词while 引导的动作引导的动作必须是持续性的必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比对比。引导词引导词whileas的用法的用法2.从属连词从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作可表示从句和主句的两个动作交交替进行替进行或或同时
8、完成同时完成，可译为，可译为“一边一边,一一边边”或或“随着随着”。He hurried home,looking behind as he went.他匆匆忙忙回家去，一边走一边回头望。他匆匆忙忙回家去，一边走一边回头望。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。如果如果主句主句表示的是表示的是短暂短暂性动作性动作，而，而从句从句用用延续延续性动词的进行时态性动词的进行时态表示表示在一段时间内正在进行在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时的动作，此时when,while,与
9、与as 可互换使用可互换使用。_(当当的时候的时候)I waswalking down the street,I came across anold friend of mine.When/While/AsComplete the sentence.用用when,while,as 填空。填空。_ I was waiting at the bus stop,I noticed a police car in front of the store._ John arrived,I was cooking lunch._ he grew older,he lost interest in every
10、thing except gardening.When/While/AsWhen As We waited until/till he came.我们一直等到他来了。我们一直等到他来了。You may stay here until/till the rain stops.你可以在这里待到雨停。你可以在这里待到雨停。He wont go to bed until her father returns.直到他爸爸回来他才会上床睡觉。直到他爸爸回来他才会上床睡觉。1.until/till从句用于从句用于肯定句肯定句时，主句的动时，主句的动词是词是延续性动作延续性动作，意为，意为“某动作一直延某动作
11、一直延续到某时间点才停止续到某时间点才停止”。2.用于用于否定句否定句，主句谓语动词是，主句谓语动词是非延续性非延续性动词动词,意为意为“某动作直到某时才开始某动作直到某时才开始”。引导词引导词till,until的用法的用法3.till不可以置于不可以置于句首句首，而，而until可以。可以。4.notuntil句型中的句型中的强调强调和和倒装倒装。_ you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道此事。直到你告诉我，我才知道此事。It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.Not un
12、til you told me did I have any idea of it.Until 强调句型强调句型not until 置于句首置于句首,主句部分倒装主句部分倒装同义句转换。同义句转换。I didnt leave until she came back._ she came back _ leave._not until she came back _ I _.Not until did I It wasthatleft 引导词引导词since的用法的用法 Cath hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin.卡丝自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。卡丝自
13、从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。She has been working in this factory since she left school.她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。since从句的谓语动词一般是从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词非延续性动词,主主句的谓语动词是句的谓语动词是延续性的延续性的或者是或者是反复发生反复发生的的动作。动作。since从句从句的时态若是的时态若是一般过去时一般过去时,主句主句的时态常是的时态常是现在完成时现在完成时或或现在完成进行时现在完成进行时。Translation It is five years since T
14、om began to smoke.汤姆吸烟有五年了。汤姆吸烟有五年了。It is 10 years since I smoked.(=I gave up smoking ten years ago.)我我不抽烟不抽烟已有已有10年了。年了。It is three years since he lived here.他他不在不在这住有三年了。这住有三年了。It is+一段时间一段时间+since从句从句 若若since从句的谓语动词为从句的谓语动词为短暂性短暂性动词，动词，理解为理解为某一动作的开始某一动作的开始。若若since从句的谓语动词为从句的谓语动词为延延续性动词，续性动词，理解为理解
15、为某一状态某一状态的终止的终止。引导词引导词before的用法的用法 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜我们航行了四天四夜才才看到陆地。看到陆地。We hadnt run a mile before we felt tired.我们跑了还我们跑了还不到不到一英里一英里就就感到累了。感到累了。Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.我我还没来得及还没来得及插话，他插话，他就就给我量好了尺寸。给我量好了尺寸。Before they reach
16、ed the station,the train had gone.他们他们还没还没到火车站，火车到火车站，火车就就已经开走了。已经开走了。若表达若表达“还未还未就就；不到；不到就就；才才；还没来得及；还没来得及就就”时，需用连词时，需用连词before。名词型名词型 the moment,the minute,the second,the instant副词型副词型 immediately,directly,instantly句式型句式型 no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.除此之外，除此之外，还有三类词都表示还有三类词都表示“一一就就”,皆可引导时间状
17、语从句。皆可引导时间状语从句。引导词引导词as soon as 的用法的用法as soon as表示表示“一一就就”。I will return the book as soon as I have read it.书书一一看完我看完我就就还回来。还回来。The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming.一听到那个声音，我就知道父亲快来了。一听到那个声音，我就知道父亲快来了。The little boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.那个小男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。
18、那个小男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。I had hardly got home when it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。我一到家天就下起雨来。We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站，火车就离站了。我们一到车站，火车就离站了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.=No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.【注意】【注意】如果如果 hardly,sca
19、rcely或或no sooner置于句首时置于句首时,其所在的主句其所在的主句应用应用倒装语序倒装语序。主句用过去完成时主句用过去完成时从句用一般过去时从句用一般过去时单句填空。单句填空。As is reported,it is more than 100 years _ Tsinghua University was founded.He had no sooner finished his speech _ the students started cheering.Just use this room for the time being,and well offer you a lar
20、ger one _ it becomes available.sincethan as soon asevery time,each time,(the)next time，(the)last time,by the time,the first time,any time等名词等名词短语用来短语用来引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句,表示表示“每当每当.;每每次次.;下次下次.”等等。引导词引导词.time的用法的用法 Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out.每当我处于困境，他就会来帮助我。每当我处于困境，他就
21、会来帮助我。Next time you come,do remember to bring your books here.下次你来这里的时候，一定要记得把你的书带上。下次你来这里的时候，一定要记得把你的书带上。The last time she saw James,he was lying in bed.上次她看见詹姆斯的时候，他正躺在床上。上次她看见詹姆斯的时候，他正躺在床上。wherewherever.He lived where he liked.他住在他喜欢的地方。他住在他喜欢的地方。Wherever he happens to be,John can make himself at
22、 home.不管不管约翰约翰在哪里，在哪里，他他都都不感到拘束不感到拘束。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者，事竟成。有志者，事竟成。Wherever there is smoke,there is fire.无火不生烟，无风不起浪。无火不生烟，无风不起浪。引导状语从句的从属连词引导状语从句的从属连词where,wherever 指指具体具体地点地点时，时，从句可位于从句可位于主句之前或之后主句之前或之后。表示。表示抽象抽象条件条件的含义时，从句需放在的含义时，从句需放在主句之前主句之前。where引导的地点状语从引导的地点状语从句与定语从句的区别
23、句与定语从句的区别 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and it rains often.Bamboo grows best where it is warm and it rains often.地点状语从句地点状语从句定语从句定语从句解析：解析：where引导引导定语从句定语从句时，在从句中时，在从句中作作地点状语地点状语，修饰前面修饰前面表示地点的表示地点的先行词先行词。where引导引导状语从句状语从句时时，对，对主句谓语动词主句谓语动词进进行说明。行说明。becausesince.now that,given that for
24、as原因状语从句由连词原因状语从句由连词because,since,as引导引导,也可也可由由for,now that等词引导。等词引导。She got the job,because she was the best candidate.Since everybody is here,lets begin our meeting.因为因为我没有学习，我会通不过考试的。我没有学习，我会通不过考试的。既然既然人都到齐了，我们开会吧。人都到齐了，我们开会吧。她得到了这份工作，她得到了这份工作，因为因为她是最好的候选人。她是最好的候选人。As I havent studied,I wont pass
25、 this exam.I asked her to stay to tea,for I had something to tell her.我请她留下喝茶，我请她留下喝茶，因为因为我有事情要告诉她。我有事情要告诉她。1.在语气上，在语气上，because最重，表示的是最重，表示的是直接理由直接理由，回答回答why时只能用它时只能用它。because,since,as,for,because of 辨析辨析-Why didnt he come yesterday?-Because he had something important to do.2.since,as，常用于，常用于表明理由或者进
26、一步说明表明理由或者进一步说明，译为译为“由于，既然由于，既然”。Since you dont like to do it,Ill ask someone else.既然既然你不愿意做，我就请别人吧。你不愿意做，我就请别人吧。As I have a day off today,Ill help you.因为因为我今天休息一天，所以我来帮你。我今天休息一天，所以我来帮你。3.for常用于常用于表明推断的或辅助性理由表明推断的或辅助性理由。He could not have seen me,for I was not there.他不可能见过我，他不可能见过我，因为因为我不在那里。我不在那里。He
27、 seldom goes out now,for he is very old.他难得出门了，他难得出门了，因为因为他年事已高。他年事已高。Now(that)I am free,I can enjoy music for a while.既然既然有空，我可以享受一会儿音乐。有空，我可以享受一会儿音乐。Considering(that)he is a highly considered person,he must be able to get help from others.考虑到考虑到他是一个被高度重视的人，他一定能得到他是一个被高度重视的人，他一定能得到别人的帮助。别人的帮助。Seein
28、g(that)things were going against him,he took to his heels.看到看到情况对他不利，他拔腿就跑。情况对他不利，他拔腿就跑。now that,seeing that,considering that 等也可以用等也可以用来引导原因状语从句，有时可以先表示一种情况，来引导原因状语从句，有时可以先表示一种情况，再加以推论。再加以推论。that可以省去可以省去。1.The teacher must be strict with you _ they want you to make great progress.(because,as,since)
29、2._ your father is well again,you no longer have anything to worry about.(because,since)3._ she was the oldest in her family,she had to look after them.(since,as)becauseSinceAs选择恰当的词填空。选择恰当的词填空。ifunlesssuppose/supposing(that)so/as long asin caseproviding/provided(that).on condition that.1.一般情况下，当一般情
30、况下，当主句主句是是将来时将来时的时候，的时候，从句从句要用要用一般现在时一般现在时。2.注意注意:unless 引导的从句中的引导的从句中的谓语动词谓语动词只能是肯定式只能是肯定式。Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard).除非除非你努力学习，你努力学习，否则否则你考试会不及格。你考试会不及格。You will be late for school if you get up late.如果如果你起晚了，你上学将迟到。你起晚了，你上学将迟到。As long as you dont lose heart
31、,youll succeed.你你只要只要不灰心就会成功。不灰心就会成功。Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help?假如假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？In case there is a fire,what will we do first?如果如果发生火灾，我们首先做什么？发生火灾，我们首先做什么？They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the wee
32、kend.他们同意借车给我们，他们同意借车给我们，条件是条件是周末以前归还。周末以前归还。Well buy everything you produce,provided of course the price is right.当然了，当然了，倘若倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部产品。产品。More examples1._(如果我看见她如果我看见她),Ill invite her to the party.2.Youll be late for school _ _(除非你早起半除非你早起半小时小时)3._(倘若你失败了倘若你失败了),what will yo
33、u do next?If I see herSuppose you fail unless you get up half an hour earlier.Translation.althoughthougheven if/thoughwhileas no matter who/when/what.however/whatever He is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money.他虽然很有钱，但他并不幸福。他虽然很有钱，但他并不幸福。Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on
34、playing football.虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。1.although与与though两者意思相同两者意思相同,一般可互换，一般可互换，都都可以与可以与yet,still或或nevertheless 连用连用，但，但不能和不能和but连用连用。2.though 引导的从句不仅可以用于自然语序，引导的从句不仅可以用于自然语序，也可也可用于倒装语序用于倒装语序。Clever though you may be,you cannot do that.虽然你可能很聪明虽然你可能很聪明，但你不能那样做。但你不能那样做。Even though/i
35、f it is raining,well go there.尽管尽管下着雨，我们也要去那里。下着雨，我们也要去那里。We wont be discouraged even if/though we failed ten times.即使即使我们失败了十次我们失败了十次，我们也不会灰心丧气。我们也不会灰心丧气。Even if I were busy,I would go.即使即使忙，我也要去。忙，我也要去。3.even if/even though “即使，尽管即使，尽管”两者两者都有退一步设想的意思，都有退一步设想的意思，可通用可通用。从句中从句中既既可用可用陈述语气陈述语气，也可用于，也可用
36、于虚拟语气虚拟语气。陈述语气陈述语气陈述语气陈述语气虚拟语气虚拟语气 Child as he is,he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。但他懂得很多。Try as he might,he could not find a job.尽管他尽力了尽管他尽力了，但，但他找不到工作。他找不到工作。4.as 引导的让步状语从句用于引导的让步状语从句用于书面语书面语,比比though,although引导的从句更有表现力，引导的从句更有表现力，语气更强。语气更强。uas引导的从句一般放在主语之前，且必引导的从句一般放在主语之前，且必须使用倒装语序须使用倒装语序，即将从
37、句中的表语、状即将从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是名词，若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词前置时要省略冠词。While we dont agree on the matter,we continue to be friends.虽然我们在这个问题上意见不一虽然我们在这个问题上意见不一，但我们仍然但我们仍然是朋友。是朋友。While the Internet is bridging the distance between people,it may also be breaking some homes or will cause other family pr
38、oblems.虽然互联网正在拉近人与人之间的距离虽然互联网正在拉近人与人之间的距离，但它但它也可能破坏一些家庭也可能破坏一些家庭，或会导致其他家庭问题。或会导致其他家庭问题。5.while引导的让步状语从句常引导的让步状语从句常位于句首位于句首，相相当于当于although,though。Whatever(No matter what)you say,I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。Whoever(no matter who)you are,you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，你都要遵守规则。无论你是谁，
39、你都要遵守规则。We have to finish,however(no matter how)long it takes.我们必须完成，不管需要多长时间。我们必须完成，不管需要多长时间。6.疑问词疑问词+ever=no matter+疑问词疑问词，不管不管，无论，无论 You can take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。Whoever leaves last should lock the door.谁最后离开谁最后离开，谁就应该锁门。谁就应该锁门。注意注意:whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever 还可
40、以引导还可以引导名词性从句名词性从句。此。此时它们时它们不能不能与与no matter+疑问词疑问词互换互换。宾语从句宾语从句主语从句主语从句1.You cant come in,_ (无论你是谁无论你是谁).2._ (尽管他尽管他 们很疲惫们很疲惫),they went on with their work.3._(尽管尽管 她努力尝试她努力尝试),nothing seemed to work.4.They will stand by you _ _(即使你没成功即使你没成功).no matter who/whoever you areAlthough/Though they were ti
41、redNo matter how/However hard she triedeven if/thoughyou dont succeedTranslation.so thatsothat.suchthat结果状语从句由连词结果状语从句由连词so that,sothat,suchthat等词引导等词引导。I had taken an early bus so that I got there in time.我乘了早班公共汽车，及时到了那里。我乘了早班公共汽车，及时到了那里。She was in such a hurry that she forgot to turn off the ligh
42、t.她她太太匆忙了匆忙了以致于以致于忘记关灯了。忘记关灯了。It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.天气天气太太冷了，湖面都结冰了。冷了，湖面都结冰了。sothat,suchthat辨析辨析如果名词前是表示数量的形容词如果名词前是表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little时，时，用用so不用不用such。sothat与与suchthat之间可以转换。之间可以转换。such是形容词，修饰是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组名词或名词词组；so是副词，修饰是副词，修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词。There are so many books th
43、at I dont know which to choose.I have so little knowledge of the project that I cant pass on any information to you.The boy is so young that he cant go to school.=He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.so thatin order that.for fear thatin case他努力学习他努力学习以便以便成为一名医生。成为一名医生。He is studying hard
44、 so that he can become a doctor.I will not make a noise for fear that I disturb you.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.目的状语从句由连词目的状语从句由连词so that,in order that,for fear that,in case等词引导，补充说明主句动作发等词引导，补充说明主句动作发生的目的。生的目的。我不会发出声音，我不会发出声音，以免以免打扰到你。打扰到你。最好多带点衣服最好多带点衣服以免以免天冷。天冷。从句常用从句常用ma
45、y,might,will,would,can,could,should情态动词情态动词1.Kong wants to play Chinese music so that the world can learn more about China.2.He wants to play Chinese music so that he can help transform Chinese music.Kong wants to play Chinese music(in order)to make the world learn more about China.He wants to play
46、Chinese music(so as)to help transform Chinese music.目的状语从句常可以转化成动词不定式：目的状语从句常可以转化成动词不定式：so as to或或in order to asas if.as though1.as表示表示为为“如如”、“正如正如”、“按按照照”。as引导的方式状语从句，如果引导的方式状语从句，如果从句主从句主语语与与主句主语一致主句主语一致，从句谓语为从句谓语为be动词动词，可，可省略省略从句主语与从句主语与be动词动词；如果；如果从句主语是名词从句主语是名词而不是而不是代词，代词，可倒装可倒装。You ought to wri
47、te as he does.你应该像他那样写。你应该像他那样写。I found the place as(I was)told.按照按照他们告诉我的信息，他们告诉我的信息，我找到了那个地方。我找到了那个地方。I passed the examination,as did most of my classmates.我和大多数同学一样通过了考试。我和大多数同学一样通过了考试。2.as if/as though引导的的从句引导的的从句可用陈述语气可用陈述语气，表，表示示(可能可能)符合事实的情况；符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。两个连词表示不符合
48、事实或与事实相反的情况。两个连词意义相当于意义相当于“好像好像”、“仿佛仿佛”。(1)She loves the boy as if she were his mother.她爱这个男孩，就好像她是他的母亲一样她爱这个男孩，就好像她是他的母亲一样。(2)Tom raised his hands as if he was going to say something.Tom举起手好像要说什么举起手好像要说什么。(3)She talks about him as if/though she had known him for a long time.她说起他来好像她认识他很久了。她说起他来好像她认
49、识他很久了。as as not as/so as.than She is as tall as Tom.她与汤姆一样高。她与汤姆一样高。She is not as/so tall as Tom.她不如汤姆高。她不如汤姆高。He spends less time on work than on play.他花在工作上的时间比玩耍的时间少。他花在工作上的时间比玩耍的时间少。No one can be more fit for this office than he is.比较状语从句常由比较状语从句常由as as,not as/so as,than等引导。等引导。没有人比他更适合这个职位了。没有人
50、比他更适合这个职位了。no more(less)than/not more(less)than试翻译：试翻译：1.She is no more diligent than her sisters.她们姐妹几个都不勤奋。她们姐妹几个都不勤奋。2.She is not more diligent than her sisters.她不如她的几个姐妹勤奋。她不如她的几个姐妹勤奋。3.He is no less quick at figures than I.他对数字的反应与我一样快。他对数字的反应与我一样快。4.He has not less than seven daughters.他至少有七个女
