1、第二部分第二部分语法知识运用语法知识运用专题十一语篇填空语篇填空要做好语篇填空这一类型的题目,首先需要大家平时记忆单词的时候最好要结合词语的各种词性一块记忆。比如,interest(名词的意思是“有趣”,作为动词时是“对感兴趣”)这个简单的词汇,记忆的时候要同时掌握其形容词以及副词等形式。这是大家正确选择合适单词形式的基础。其次,我一直觉得有好的做题步骤十分关键。以我自己为例,当拿到一篇语法填空题的短文时,我要先通读全文,把握大意。既然是通过语篇在语境中考语法,那么,我们在解题前,应快速浏览短文,把握全文大意,这一步非常重要。第二步要结合语境,试填空格。读懂短文之后,要结合短文所提供的特定的语
2、言环境,从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格处所缺单词的词性,再根据句子的结构和意义,以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所填单词的正确形式。在解题过程中要先易后难,在大部分空格填好后,再经过仔细推敲,难题也就不会再难了。最后,当所有空格填好后,把整篇文章从头至尾复读一遍,以确保没有笔误等低级错误的存在。这样这个大题就基本完成啦。北京大学张义德试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 1(2017全国)There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and
3、less salt.This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)1 a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side 2(effect)such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,主要分析了低脂低盐的饮食方式的利弊以及这种饮食方式对人体的影响。1.as考查介词。a
4、s“作为”,是介词。此处意为“作为一种与心脏病做斗争的方法”。2.effects考查名词的复数。effect“作用”,是可数名词。根据前面的some可知要用effects。side effects“副作用”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 3(process)the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt
5、 4(remove)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 5 result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.【答案与解析】3.to process考查非谓语动词。require sb.to do sth.“要求某人做某事”,所以填to process。4.are removed考查被动语态。remove是及物动词,与fat and salt有逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用被动语态。5.a考查固定搭配。as a r
6、esult“结果”,是固定搭配。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Even 6(bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 7(be)full of fat and salt;by 8(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.【答案与解析】6.worse考查比较级。根据前面的even可知,所填的词要用比较级。bad的比较级是worse。7.is考查主谓一致。fast food是第三人称
7、单数形式,句子是一般现在时,所以填is。8.eating考查非谓语动词。by是介词,后接动词时要用动词-ing形式。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However,be 9(care)not to go to extremes.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both
8、,10 is not good for the health.【答案与解析】9.careful考查形容词。be是连系动词,后面要接形容词作表语。care的形容词形式是careful。10.which考查定语从句。题空处引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中作主语,所以填which。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 2(2017全国)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allo
9、wed people to avoid terrible 1(crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and 2 work.It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文介绍了伦敦地铁的建设、发展以及使用情况。1.crowds考查名词。根据前面的terrible可知,这里用名词crowd的复数形式,表示“人群”。2.from考查介词。根据前面的to可知,这里填from。to and from work“上下班”。
10、试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练method.This included digging up the road,3(lay)the track and then building a strong roof over 4 top.When all those had been done,the road surface was replaced.【答案与解析】3.laying考查非谓语动词。根据前面的digging和后面的building可知,这里用laying与之保持一致,作谓语动词included的宾语。4.the考查冠词。这里特指地铁的顶部。意思是在地铁的顶部建了一个坚固的顶棚
11、。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练 Steam engines 5(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been 6(fair)unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25,000 people were using 7 every day.【答案与解析】6.fairly考查副词。un
12、pleasant是形容词,这里用副词fairly修饰,意思是“相当不舒服”。7.it考查代词。it在这里指代前面提到的名词the railway。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Later,engineers 8(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the 9(introduce)of electric-powered engines and lifts.The
13、 Central London Railway was one of the most 10(success)of these new lines,and was opened in 1900.It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages,and proved extremely popular with the public.【答案与解析】8.managed考查动词时态。根据上文及后面的became可知,这里用过去时。9.introduction考查名词。根据前面的the以及后面的of可知,这里要填名词,introduce的名词形
14、式是introduction。10.successful考查形容词。根据前面的the most可知,这里是形容词的最高级,success是名词,其形容词是successful。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 3(2017全国)She looks like any other schoolgirl,fresh-faced and full of life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-ye
15、ar-old Sarah is not spending half-term 1(rest).Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as 2 model in New York.【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。16岁的女中学生Sarah Thomas在被告知能够做超模,年薪百万美金的情况下仍然挑战自我,坚持以学业为重,兼职做模特。她拥有自己的梦想,对未来有更好的人生规划。1.resting考查非谓语动词。spend.(in)doing sth.“花费做某事”,为固定搭配。2.a考查冠词。as a model“作为一名模特”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高
16、招对点精练Sarah 3(tell)that she could be Britains new supermodel,earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44,wants her to give up school to model full-time.But Sarah,4has taken part in shows along with top models,wants 5(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to
17、carry on with her 6(educate).【答案与解析】3.has been told/was told考查动词的时态和语态。根据前面的时态可知用现在完成时或者过去时的被动形式,填has been told或者was told 均可。4.who考查定语从句。此处先行词在从句中作主语且指人,故用who引导。5.to prove考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.“想要做某事”,为固定短语,故用to prove。6.education考查名词。根据此处句意及空前的with her可知,educate需要用名词形式。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练She has t
18、urned down several 7(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 8 engineering or architecture.【答案与解析】7.invitations考查名词。她拒绝了好几个邀请,所以 invitation要用复数形式。8.in考查介词。get a degree i
19、n.为固定搭配,意为“取得学位”,故用介词in。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Sarah says,“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment,school 9(come)first.I dont want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is 10(certain)fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cant m
20、odel any more.”【答案与解析】es考查动词。根据前句的时态判断,此句需用一般现在时,要注意主谓一致,故用comes。10.certainly考查副词。此处用副词certainly修饰形容词fun。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 4(2016全国)In much of Asia,especially the so-called“rice bowl”cultures of China,Japan,Korea,1 Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文为说明文。介绍了筷子的应用,
21、制作不同的筷子需要的材料与工艺,以及筷子的形成过程。1.and考查连词。列举的几个国家是并列关系,故用and连接。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Chopsticks are usually two long,thin pieces of wood or bamboo.They can also be made of plastic,animal bone or metal.Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might 2(make)of gold and silver with Chine
22、se characters.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 3(create)special designs.【答案与解析】2.be made考查语态。该句句意:真正精致的筷子可能是由金银制成,并刻有汉字。筷子是被制作的,应该用被动语态,在情态动词might后用动词原形,故答案为be made。3.to create考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处应用不定式形式作目的状语。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousan
23、d years.People probably cooked their food in large pots,4(use)twigs(树枝)to remove it.Over time,5the population grew,people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which6(gradual)turned into chopsticks.【答案与解析】4.using考查非谓语
24、动词。逗号前面是一个完整的句子且中间没有连词,因此该空格应该用非谓语动词作状语。句子的主语people与use之间是主谓关系,故用现在分词形式using作方式状语。5.as/when考查连词。句意为“随着人口的增长”,故用as或when引导时间状语从句。6.gradually考查形容词与副词。动词短语turned into应该用副词修饰。gradual是形容词,其副词形式为gradually。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,7lived from roughly 551
25、 to 479 B.C.,influenced the 8(develop)of chopsticks.Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9(be)too violent for use at the table.【答案与解析】7.who考查定语从句。根据对逗号前后内容的分析可以看出空格处所在句子为非限制性定语从句,其先行词Confucius 指人,故用who引导该定语从句。8.development考查名词。根据句意以及前面的动词influenced和冠词the可以断定,此处应该用名词作宾语。devel
26、op的名词形式是development。9.were考查时态与主谓一致。根据语境可知此处应用一般过去时,且主语knives为复数形式,故谓语动词用were。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat 10 their hands.【答案与解析】10.with考查介词。句意:例如,在印度,大部分人传统上用手吃饭。介词with表示“用”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 5(2016四川)The
27、 giant panda 1(love)by people throughout the world.Chinese scientists 2(recent)had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文为说明文。作者为我们介绍了一只在野外生存的熊猫妈妈照看小熊猫的经历。1.is loved考查时态和语态。panda与love之间为被动关系,且熊猫受人喜爱为一般事实,故用一般现在时的被动语态。2.recently考查副词。中国科学家最近有机会研究野外的熊猫妈妈。“最近”为整个句子的时间状
28、语,故用recent的副词形式recently。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练She was a very 3(care)mother.For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something 4(eat)!She would not let any other pandas come near.She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean.Any smell might attract natural 5(enemy)that would try to eat th
29、e little panda.【答案与解析】3.caring/careful考查形容词。由下文内容可知,熊猫妈妈非常“认真(careful)”或者“会关爱他人(caring)”。4.to eat考查非谓语动词。此处考查不定代词后跟动词不定式作后置定语。something to eat的意思是“吃的东西”。5.enemies考查名词。熊猫的敌人不止一个,故用复数形式。以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时需要将y变为i再加es。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does
30、.6it cried,she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.The mother continued to care for the young panda 7more than two years.By that time,the panda no longer needed 8(it)mother for food.【答案与解析】6.When/If考查连词。小熊猫哭的时候(要是小熊猫哭的话),熊猫妈妈会前后轻轻晃动它并且轻轻拍抚它。7.for考查介词。“持续多长时间”的表达方式是“for+一段时间”,
31、为固定搭配。8.its考查代词。its在此处修饰其后的名词mother,故此处用it的形容词性物主代词形式。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练However,it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then,after two and a half years,the mother 9(drive)the young panda away.It was time for her to have a new baby,10it was also time for the young panda to be in
32、dependent.【答案与解析】9.drove考查时态。由前文的stayed和后文的was可以推知,熊猫妈妈让小熊猫离开她这一动作也发生在过去。10.and考查连词。“熊猫妈妈生新的宝宝”与“小熊猫也该学会独立了”之间为并列关系,and 连接两个并列简单句。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 6(2015全国)Yangshuo,ChinaIt was raining lightly when I 1(arrive)in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours2,Id been at home in Ho
33、ng Kong,with 3(it)choking smog.Here,the air was clean and fresh,even with the rain.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。作者描述了自己到阳朔旅游时的见闻。作者力图通过自己的亲身经历和体验,说明人们在旅游时不必一味选择闻名遐迩的旅游目的地,而应该独辟蹊径,去探访那些或许不那么有名但却给人带来意外惊喜的地方。1.arrived考查动词的时态。根据上下文,此处说的是作者在过去某个特定时刻(just before dawn)到达阳朔,因此用动词的过去时态。此外arrive是以字
34、母e结尾的规则动词,所以可在词尾直接加d构成过去式,故填arrived。2.before/earlier考查对过去完成时态中时间状语的掌握情况。此处主句“Id been at home in Hong Kong.”为过去完成时态,故时间状语应该用before或者earlier。3.its考查形容词性物主代词。it为代词,在句中作主语或宾语。此处需要限定名词smog,因此要用其物主代词形式its,指代“香港的”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone
35、 mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 5(painting).Instead,Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away 6car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.【答案与解析】4.that/which考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,意为“
36、被艺术家们所描绘的山水”。从句中缺少主语,并修饰事物,能代替事物的关系代词有that和which。5.paintings考查名词的复数形式。根据前面的修饰语“so many”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,表示“画,绘画作品”。6.by考查介词。此处的意思是游客可以乘坐汽车去阳朔。by car是固定表达,意为“坐汽车”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Yangshuo 7(be)really beautiful.A study of travelers 8(conduct)by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the to
37、p 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.【答案与解析】7.is考查动词的时态。本句是对阳朔的一般性描述,因此使用一般现在时。系动词be的一般现在时单数形式为is。8.conducted考查过去分词作后置定语。此处的意思是“TripAdvisor网站对游客进行的调查”。该短语中,conduct的意思是“实施”。根据构词法,可知其后直接加-ed 构成过去分词,作后置定语,修饰限定前文的a study of travele
38、rs。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Abercrombie&Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it 9(regular)arranges quick getaways here for people 10(live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.【答案与解析】9.regularly考查副词修饰动词的用法。这里指“定期安排此类旅游”。此处所给的regular是形容词,所修饰的则是动词arranges,因此要根据词性转换的规则,把regular 转换为副词regularly。10.living考查现在分词作后置定语。此处
39、的意思是“生活在上海和香港的居民”。live“生活,居住”,是一个以不发音的字母e结尾的规则动词。根据构词法,去掉字母e,再加上-ing构成其现在分词形式,在句中作后置定语,修饰people。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 7(2015全国)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)1(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 2 most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simp
40、le beauty,试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文为说明文。美国西南部的普埃布洛印第安人所建造的土坯房,冬暖夏凉,令世界最现代的建筑师和设计师们钦佩不已。它们不仅呈现出一种朴素的美,而且令人钦佩的是,能够在不使用电器设备的情况下给房屋提供“空调”。土坯墙在炎热的白天吸收来自太阳的热量,到凉爽的夜晚把热量慢慢释放出来,给房屋供暖。1.built考查非谓语动词。由空后的“by the Pueblo Indians.”可知The adobe dwellings与build之间存在被动关系。又因为句子已经有了谓语动词are admired,故此处应用build的
41、过去分词。build是不规则动词,其过去分词为built。2.the考查冠词。这句话的意思是:即使是最现代的建筑师和工程师,也对美国西南部普埃布洛印第安人所建造的土坯房佩服不已。根据上下文的意思可知,空白处后接的most一词为最高级形式,形容词最高级前面应该用定冠词the。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 3(able)to“air condition”a house without 4(use)electric equipment.Walls made of adobe take in
42、the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 5(slow)during cool nights,thus warming the house.【答案与解析】3.ability考查名词。由空前的their可知,此处应用able的名词形式ability。4.using考查非谓语动词。由空前的介词without可知,此处应用use的动词-ing形式作介词without的宾语。5.slowly考查副词。由空前的give out that heat可知,此处应用slow的副词形式slowly来修饰前面的动作give out。试做真题透
43、析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 6(cool)the house during the hot day;7 the same time,they warm up again for the night.【答案与解析】6.to cool考查非谓语动词。此处的意思是“新的一天破晓时,墙壁已放尽热量,非常凉爽,足以在炎热的白天使房屋变得凉爽”。分析句子可知,这里是be enough to do 结构来表达这个含义,因此cool应该用不定式to
44、 cool。7.at考查介词。前面的分句讲到破晓时墙壁已经变凉,可以使房屋白天凉爽,本句接着说,同时冷却下来的墙壁又在为夜晚蓄热。“同时”在英语中的表达应该是at the same time。因此填at。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练This cycle 8(go)day after day:The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.As 9(nature)archi
45、tects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 10 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.【答案与解析】8.goes考查时态和主谓一致。本文讲述的是事实,故应用一般现在时;又因为主语this cycle为第三人称单数,故用goes。9.natural考查形容词。由空后的名词architects可知,要用nature的形容词形式natural。10.how考查连接副词。本句说印第安人可以精确地计算出土坯墙的厚度来使这种循环在大多数时候能发挥作用。句中
46、figured out后接一个宾语从句,需要一个引导词。这个引导词既要修饰形容词thick,又要引导后续的句子,唯有how能起到这个作用。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 8(2014全国)Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland,Ohio.It 1(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.The
47、river was so polluted that it 2(actual)caught fire and burned.Now,years later,this river is one of 3 most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练【答案与解析】【语篇解读】本文通过一个城市清理工业污染的例子说明一个道理:只要我们坚持不懈,就可以做成那些看似不可能的事情。1.was考查时态。根据本段第一句“In 1969,the pollution was terrible.”可知本段叙述的是过去发生
48、的事情。the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland在过去被严重污染,过去没有人能够想象到这条河能被清理干净。2.actually考查词性转换。本句中使用副词actually作状语修饰谓语动词caught fire;actual是形容词,不能在句中作状语,其副词形式为actually。注意转换时字母l要双写。3.the考查冠词。本句横线后面的most是最高级形式,最高级前面要用定冠词the,所以使用the most outstanding 的形式。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练But the river wasnt changed in a few days 4
49、 even a few months.It took years of work 5(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 6(clean)than ever.【答案与解析】4.or考查并列连词。句意:但是这条河流的改变不是几天或者几个月的事情。本句中的or“或者”表示选择的意思。5.to reduce考查固定句式。It takes sb.some time to do sth.“做某事花了某人时间
50、”。句中的不定式to reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water是句子真正的主语,前面的it是形式主语。6.cleaner考查形容词的比较级。句意:最后人们的努力得到了回报,现在这条河比以前更干净了。横线后面有than,说明横线上应该使用形容词的比较级形式。clean是单音节词,其比较级形式直接在后面加-er。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit 7 is driving your family c
