1、.The Object Clause(宾语从句宾语从句)宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。重点和难点重点和难点 1 1、由不同引导词引导的由不同引导词引导的宾语从句宾语从句 2 2、直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语 3 3、宾语从句中时态的变化宾语从句中时态的变化由由从属连词从属连词thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 由连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which，what 和连接副词 where,how,why,when 引导的宾语从句由由从属连
2、词从属连词 whether,if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 A)Introduced by that主句的谓语动词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g.He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.Im sorry(that)he isnt here right now.Note:1.that 的省略：的省略：t
3、hat 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g.I guess(that)somebody else has borrowed it.Im afraid(that)youll have to wait.2.宾语从句的否定转移：宾语从句的否定转移：主句是主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。习惯上要转移到主句中。如：
4、我认为鸡不会游泳。误：误：I think chickens can not swim.正：正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：试比较：I think he is wrong,isnt he?He thinks he is right,doesnt he?e.g.1.I hear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）2.He said(that)_.（他非
5、常想念我们）3.The teacher told us(that)_.4.（地球围着太阳转）he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sunBackBackC)Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（连接代词和连接代词和连接副词）连接副词）一、构成：一、构成：1.1.宾语从句可由连接代词宾语从句可由连接代词what,who,whom,which等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不它们在宾语从句中可作主语、
6、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。能省略。Do you know who will come this afternoon?(作主语作主语)Did you hear what he said?（作宾语）作宾语）I dont know whose that is.（作表语）作表语）Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?（作（作gate的的定语）定语）2.宾语从句可由连接副词宾语从句可由连接副词when,where,how,why等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。We didnt know wh
7、en she would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what及连接副词 when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句1.He asked _.(谁能回答这个问题）2.Do you know_.（他们在等谁）3.He asked _.（谁的书法是班上最好的）5.Do you know _.（地球和月亮，哪一个比较小）6.Please tell me _.（我们什么时候开会）
8、7.Can you tell me _.（他在哪儿）8.Could you tell me _.（我该怎么去车站）9.Would you tell me _（为什么火车迟到了）who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the classWhich is smaller,the earth or the moon?When we will have the meeting where h ishow I can get to the stationwhy th
9、e train is lateBackBackB)Introduced by if/whether if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if 多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g.She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English.I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.BackNote:只用whether的五种情况：1.在介词后Im thinking of whether we should go f
10、ishing.2.与or not连用时I dont know whether they will come to help usor not.3.在动词discuss或者其他介词后面的宾语从句中We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.4.宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhether this is true or not,I cant say.5.whether后可以接动词不定式We dont know whether to go there tomorrow.由从属连词由从属连词whether,if 引导
11、的宾语从句引导的宾语从句e.g.1.I want to know _.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Ask him _.（他是否能来）3.I dont know _.（是否要下雨）if(whether)he will go to the park with us whether(if)he can come whether it is going to rain or notBack直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系陈述句变为引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He said,“You are younger than I”.2.He says,“Tom is a go
12、od student”.He said that I was younger than him.He says that Tom is a good student.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句e.g.1.She said,“Do you often come here to read newspaper?”2.“Will they go to visit the Great Wall?”he asked.She asked if(whether)I often came here to read new
13、spaper.He asked if(whether)they would go visit the Great Wall.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系特殊疑问句变为特殊疑问句变为who,what,when等引导的宾语从句等引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He asked,“Where do you live?”2.“How can we get to the post-office?”he asked.He asked where I lived.He asked how they could get to the post-office.直接引语变间接引语
14、与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系 1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语 从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。2、当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语、当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语 动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容 为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。e.g.The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun.
15、注注 意：意：Back四、宾语从句的时态四、宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：时
16、态的限制。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.二、难点：二、难点：1.避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g.*I cant see that what is
17、over there.（应去掉that）2.从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g.*Do you know how old is she?(应改为：how old she is)3.从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g.*She didnt tell me when she will come.(应改为：when she would come)三、转换：三、转换：1)由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。Ive no idea what were going to do next.=Ive no idea what to do next.Coul
18、d you tell me how I can get to the post office?=Could you tell me how to get to the post office?三、转换：三、转换：1 1）find,think find,think 等动词后面的宾语从句也等动词后面的宾语从句也可以用复合宾语（即宾语可以用复合宾语（即宾语+宾语补足语）来代替。宾语补足语）来代替。nHe found that it was difficult to fall asleep because of the noise upstairs.n=He found it difficult to
19、 fall asleep because of the noise upstairs.1.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.(be)2.The headmaster hopes everything _ well.(go)3.Tom says that they _(play)basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.4.I hear they _(return)it already.5.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)6.He as
20、ked what they _ at eight last night.(do)7.The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound.(travel)8.I think you _ about the relay race now.(talk)9.I didnt know whom the letters _ from.(be)will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing10.I didnt know wha
21、t time he _ the letter.(write)11.Miss Wang told me that the earth _(move)round the earth.12.Could you tell me who _ away the book already?(take)13.Ling Feng told me he _ to several times.(be)14.Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.(rise)15.Can you tell me what they _ yesterday?(do)wrot
22、e moves has taken has been risesdid将将下列句子合并为一句下列句子合并为一句:1.Where do they stop on the way?I asked.2.What will you speak at the meeting?Could you tell me?3.Do they like to make friends with us?He asked.4.“I am doing my homework.”He said.5.“I will come back.”Tom said.6.“Is he doing his homework?”Jim ask
23、ed.I asked where they stopped on the way.Could you tell me what you will speak at the meeting?He asked if they liked to make friends with them.He said that he was doing his homework.Tom said that he would come back.Jim asked if he was doing his homework.7.“When will he come back?”Tom asked.8.“How ca
24、n I get to the station?”Could you tell me?9.“Why is the train late?”Would you tell me?10.“Where is Tom?”They asked.Tom asked when he would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the station?Would you tell me why the train is late?They asked where Tom was.The Attributive Clause(定语从句定语从句)在复合句中修饰
25、名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。This is Tom.Tom gave us a talk yesterday.-This is Tom who(that)gave us a talk yesterday.先行词 定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why 一一、who,whom,whose引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1.who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e.g.T
26、his is the doctor who came her yesterday.2.whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g.The man(whom)you saw last week has left the town.注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.a)The man from whom I borrowed the b
27、ook is Li Lei.=The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b)The girl whom he is taking care of is ill.(take care of是固定词组)3.whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g.I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.He lives in the house whose window faces south.二、二、that,which引
28、导的定语从句引导的定语从句这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是先行词是物物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。通常情况下，它们可以互换。1.that,which在从句中作主语，不可省略。在从句中作主语，不可省略。e.g.Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2.that,which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。在从句中作宾语，可以省略。e.g.Is this the film(that/which)you talked about last week?注意：关系代词在作
29、介词宾语时，只能用注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。且不能省略。e.g.The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room.=The house(which)he once lived in is a meeting-room.知识拓展：知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词that和和which，在一般情况下，尽管在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用而不用which：1.先行词是复合不定代词先行词是复合不定代词everything,a
30、nything,nothing等时。等时。e.g.She didnt forget anything(that)her mother had told her to buy.2.先行词被序数词或先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。修饰时。e.g.This is the first textbook(that)I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.That is the highest building
31、(that)I have ever seen.4.先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same等修饰时。等修饰时。e.g.This is the very novel(that)you want to borrow.5.先行词是或被先行词是或被all,no,some,any,little,much等修饰等修饰时，时，e.g.Ive written down all(that)the teacher doesnt allow us to do.They havent got any dictionaries(that)we need.6.先行词既包含人又包含物时。先行词既
32、包含人又包含物时。e.g.He told us many interesting things and persons(that)we had never heard.7.主句是以主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时。引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g.Who is the man(that)you spoke to just now?Which is the book that was stolen by him?8.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语 时。时。e.g.China is no longer the country(th
33、at)it used to be.三、关系副词三、关系副词where,when,why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 （在从句中作状语）（在从句中作状语）1.where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g.This is the village where he was born.c.f.This is the village(that/which)he visited last year.2.when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g.Ill never forget
34、the day when I joined the League.c.f.Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent together.3.why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g.The reason why he didnt come yesterday is quite clear.定语从句专练：定语从句专练：()1.The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000.A.which B.who C.whom D.
35、/()2.This is the most beautiful part I have visited.A.which;ever B.that;never C.which;yet D.that;ever()3.My necklace is not the only thing is missing.A.that B.which C.what D./()4.Were talking about Tonny,you met yesterday.A.with who B.whom C.which D.that()5.Is this the very museum some Japanese visi
36、tors visited last Wednesday?A.one B.where C.that D.which()6.The book cover is red is Toms.A.which B.that C./D.whose ()7.The place I grew up is a beautiful town.A.which B.that C.where D.from which()8.I dont think the number of people this happens is very large.A.who B.to which C.that D.to whom()9.Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary?A.before B.which C.when D.as()10.Is that the novel about they talked in class yesterday?A.which B.that C.who D./
