1、大气底泥(沉积物)固相溶质地表水水溶液反应溶质颗粒物地下水溶质 固相气相溶质气溶胶颗粒第二章第二章 水化学水化学第一节 酸碱化学碳酸盐系统BHAHBA23HAH OH OA2AH OOHHAaHAKHAbOHHAKAabwK KKOHH酸碱的相对强弱强弱1.水中碳酸盐物种及其分布2223m()pK2.8CO aqH OH CO7HK3.34 10 mol/(L.Pa)2331 pK3.55H COHCOH22()()CO gCO aq232()0.0016aqH COCO2.823m2(aq)H CO K10CO2332HCOCOH pK10.33*232(aq)23H CO CO H CO*
2、2331 pK?H COHCOH31*23323*23236.3511mmHCO H KH CO HCO H/H CO H CO/H CO K K K1011K1pK6.35水中的碳酸盐物种及其平衡-2-2333 H COHCOCO2.8223m6.352331210.33332CO(g)H CO K10H COHHCO K10HCOHCO K10 H2CO3*简写为H2CO3例例1:计算大气:计算大气CO2在纯水中的溶解量在纯水中的溶解量7HK3.34 10 mol/(L.Pa)2541.013 103.60 1036.5COpPa223753.34 1036.5 1.22 10/0.537
3、mg/LHCOH COCKpmol L22333 TcH COHCOCO2332 pK10.33HCOCOH2731232375634.45 104.45 101.22 102.33 10 mol/L lg5.63 HCOHHKH COH COHHCOpHH2331 pK6.35H COHCOH2332 HHCOCOOH3HHCO2210.33323310/COHKCOmol LHCO223335610.33-5 1.22 102.33 10101.457 10/0.639/TcH COHCOCOmol Lmg L2571.457 10/36.5 3.99 10/.THCOcmol LKpPa
4、mol L Pa7HK3.34 10 mol/(L.Pa)平衡计算的基本原则水中碳酸盐物种的分配-2-2333 H COHCOCO22333 TcH COHCOCO23022333312233323222333H CO H CO HCO COHCO H CO HCO COCOH CO HCO CO 23T03T123T2H CO cHCO cCOc(1 1)封闭体系中碳酸盐物种)封闭体系中碳酸盐物种 分布随分布随pHpH的变化的变化反应比较快速,来不及与气相进行交换;不存在、也没有生成固相碳酸盐23022333312233323222333 H COH COHCOCOHCOH COHCOCOC
5、OH COHCOCO2021121121121222112H H K H K KK H H K H K KK KH K H K K 2332CO H HCO K223323112HCOHCOHH COKK K封闭体系中碳酸盐物种随pH的分布00.20.40.60.812.04.06.08.010.012.014.0pHaa0a1a2H2CO3HCO3-CO32-(2 2)开放体系碳酸盐物种)开放体系碳酸盐物种 分布随分布随pHpH的变化的变化223HCOH COK p222222THCO00113T1HCOHCO022123T2HCOHCO20CO 1cK pKHCO cK pK pH K K
6、COcK pK pH 23031232TTTH COcHCOcCOc-8-6-4-20242468101214pHlgCa0a1a2cTH2CO3 HCO3-CO32-CT2.碳酸盐体系的碱度和酸度2HOHH O233HCOHCO323HHCOH CO苛性碱度 OH-H+233AlkHCO 2CO OH H 总碱度酚酞碱度(碳酸盐碱度)23OH CO H 封闭体系中碳酸盐物种随pH的分布00.20.40.60.812.04.06.08.010.012.014.0pHaa0a1a2H2CO3HCO3-CO32-甲基橙变色甲基橙变色酚酞变色2)酸度2OHHH O2332OHH COHCOH O23
7、32OHHCOCOH O无机酸度 酚酞酸度(二氧化碳)总酸度23233H OH H H CO OH H 2H CO HCO OH 3)碱度、酸度、碳酸盐总量、pH之间的关系甲基橙变色甲基橙变色酚酞变色H2CO3HCO3-CO32-例2已知碱度和pH,求各物种浓度233AlkHCO 2CO OH H T1T2c2cwKAlkHH-4.65-53231-2-5.33-6233HCO H H CO 102.24 10 mol/LKK HCO CO 104.68 10 mol/LH-33HCO 1.00 10 mol/L从结果看,所设假定合理-2-333HCO 2CO OH 1.00 10 mol/L
8、-2-433HCO 2CO 9.00 10 mol/L-10.33-2-2333310K HCO 10HCO CO 0.468HCO H 1043243HCO 4.65 10 mol/LCO 2.17 10 mol/L例3 解答:T1T2c2cwKAlkHH-3=10 10 mL 0.02mol/L 2/100mL4mmol/L4mL 0.02mol/L/100mL0.8mol/L假定一个假定一个pH值,试算,直到上式成立值,试算,直到上式成立!例例4 4n封闭体系中无论加强酸或强碱,CT不变;碱度变化值为应加酸量或加碱量233wT12AlkHCO 2CO OH H K =c(2)H H 11
9、21121222112K H H K H K KK KH K H K K 初始碱度与pH6时碱度差pH=9时同样方法计算CT求算pH6时3.一些引起碱度变化的反应2244210626311016121061610810714CONHHPOH OCHON POH 光合呼吸2234210626311016121061612218138CONOHPOH OHCHON PO 光合呼吸2222()nnCOnH OCH OnO 光合呼吸4232NH2ONOH O2H232225CH O4NO4H5CO2N7H O通常,氧化导致碱度下降,还原导致碱度上升24222SO2CH OH2COHSH O222234
10、157()()()4242FeSsOH OFe OHsHSO例5-3222NH3ClN(g)6H6Cl解答:Tc1.65mmol/L解答(续)例6:好氧呼吸导致的pH变化1062631101612224421071410616108CHON POHCONHHPOH O 好氧呼吸解答:假定好氧呼吸按以下反应进行:解答:假定好氧呼吸按以下反应进行:Loss of odd oxygen between 30 and 40 km is predicted to be dominanted by the NOx cycle;at altitudes above 50 km,HOx cycles dominate odd oxygen loss.Probably the only continuous natural source of chlorine in the stratosphere is methyl chloride,CH3Cl.The tropospheric lifetime for CH3Cl is sufficiently long.