1、 1.What are some violence of nature?2.Describe the 5.12 earthquake which occurred in 2008 in China.Task:floodhurricanelightningthunderstormsandstormtornadoearthquaketyphoontsunami/tidal wavevolcanic eruption洪水飓风闪电雷暴沙尘暴龙卷风地震台风海啸火山喷发Disasters of NaturewhatVolcanic Eruptiontsunamidroughtfiretornadohurr
2、icanestrikebreak outoccurtake placelast for.hit happenwhatskimmingTip1:When you read,read the subtitles first.a rotating column of airstrong tropical storms1900 Galveston hurricanedamageon average 800cause waves,rain and floods1925Killed 6,000 destroy 3,600 buildingTornadoes can _ _ cars,trains and
3、even houses and put them down elsewhere,can _ the fur _ the back of a cat and can _ houses,but _ the furniture inside exactly where it was.What damage do the tornadoes do to the other things?pick uppick up This afternoon,I picked up the radio lying on the desk to pick up the English news.Its over th
4、e radio that I pick up English every day.After that,it was time for me to pick up my son from school.So with my car picking up speed,I got to school on time._ _ _ _ _ 拾起,拿起拾起,拿起无意中学会无意中学会收听,接收收听,接收(开车)接某人(开车)接某人加速加速Task1:Make a dialogue about tornado.A:How many tornadoes occur each year in the US an
5、d what damage do they cause?B:A:What occurred in 1925?B:.A:What about the results?B:.A:What do you think of this disaster?B:.terrible/terrifying/dreadful/frightening/unfortunateTask3:Even though they buildingsroadswaterelectricitypeoplefall downbe distroyed/ruinedbe blocked/destroyedbe cut offinjure
6、d/killed/hurt/buriedbe trapped in/be caught inlose ones lifedamageDisasters happening in the USA The worst tornado _ hit the America in 1925,_ three US states.By the time it ended,more than 700 people _ and 2700 _.of all timeaffectinghad been killedhad been injured By then,he _(lose)all his confiden
7、ce.By the time they arrived,hundreds of houses _(catch)fire by the earthquake.时间状语时间状语by then,by that time,until then,by the end of 2010,before 2000,by the time+句子句子(过去式)过去式)1.She returned home,but _(find)all the furniture _(ruin)by the flood.2.When the hurricane ended,several buildngs in the town _
8、(destory).3.Tom was surpried when he arrived home because the thunderstorm _(take)the feathers off his chicken.had losthad caughtfoundhad been ruinedhad been takenhad been destroyedDisasters happening in the USA The worst tornado _ hit the America in 1925,_ three US states.By the time it ended,more
9、than 700 people _ and 2700 _.2008年年5月月12日,地震发生日,地震发生在汶川,殃及了周围很在汶川,殃及了周围很多县市。截止到结束,多县市。截止到结束,69,227人遇难,人遇难,374,643人受伤,人受伤,17,923人失踪。人失踪。建筑被毁,交通受阻,建筑被毁,交通受阻,水电被切断。水电被切断。The earthquake happening in Wenchuang The eathquake hit Wenchuang on the 12th May 2008,affecting many cities around.By the time it en
10、ded,69,227 people had been killed,374,643 had been injured and17,923people had been lost.Buildings were destroyed.The traffic was blocked and the supply of water and electricity were cut off.of all timeaffectinghad been killedhad been injuredNatural disasterwhereresponsewhenwhatdamage buildings road
11、s water electricity deaths the injuredthe governmentorganizations common people Homework:writing 根据下面的提示写一篇120-150词的短文,可适当增添细节。2008年5月12日,一次特大地震袭击了汶川,数以万计的人员伤亡,更有许多人无家可归。震后,交通阻断,水电供应也中断了,灾区情况严峻。消息传出后,全国人民纷纷伸出援助之手,众多国家捐钱捐物,帮助灾区人们渡过难关。Disasters happening in the USA The worst tornado _(有史以来)有史以来)hit th
12、e America in 1925,_(影响)(影响)three US states.By the time it ended,more than 700 people _(死亡)(死亡)and 2700 _(受伤受伤).affectinghad been killedhad been injured.of all time_ By then,he _(lose)all his confidence.By the time they arrived,hundreds of houses _(catch)fire by the earthquake.时间状语时间状语by then,by that
13、 time,until then,by the end of 2010,before 2000,by the time+句子句子(过去式)过去式)1.She returned home,but _(find)all the furniture _(ruin)by the flood.2.When the hurricane ended,several buildngs in the town _(destory).3.Tom was surpried when he arrived home because the thunderstorm _(take)the feathers off hi
14、s chicken.had losthad caughtfoundhad been ruinedhad been takenhad been destroyed By then,he _(lose)all his confidence.By the time he finished it,he _(know)nothing about it.时间状语时间状语by then,by that time,until then,by the end of 2010,before 2000,by the time+句子句子(过去式)过去式)1.She returned home,and _(find)a
15、ll the furniture _(ruin)by the flood.2.When I got on the bus,I realized that I _(leave)my wallet at home.3.She stared at the painting,wondering when she _(see)it.had losthad knownfoundhad been ruinedhad lefthad seen Charles Coghlan a nineteenth-century Irish actorCanadaNew YorkGalvestonPrince Edward
16、 IslandcoffinCharles Coghlanmoved towhere famouslate 1890sdied in 1899ended up in the sea An Extraordinary Eventwhowent to livehad moved towhere1900 hurricane?had carried travelled back toPart3:a story about the worst hurricane-1900 Galveston hurricame.A violent earthquake hit Wen Chuan on the 12th
17、May 2008,causing about millions of deaths and injuries.Whats worse,many people became homeless.As a result,the traffic was blocked and the supply of water and electricity was cut off.Hearing the news,people all over the world came to help.To help them move out of the difficulty,some countries donate
18、d money while others gave clothes and food.In the face of the terrifying snow disaster,the Chinese people were not afraid and united like a big family.Thanks to everyones hard work,everything is back to normal again.CanadaNew YorkGalvestonPrince Edward IslandcoffinCharles Coghlanmoved tofamouslate 1
19、890sdied in 1899stream1900 hurricane ended in the seaAn Extraordinary EventLearn to make beautiful sentencesTornadoes are rotating columns of air from thunderstorms to the ground,_.(经常发生在美国经常发生在美国)地震经常发生在多山地带(地震经常发生在多山地带(mountainousmountainous),由于),由于地球不断运动产生的地球不断运动产生的.Earthquakes,which usually occu
20、r in themountainous area,are caused because the earth moves constantly.which usually occur in the US Read Part I quickly and have a discussion.What occurred in 1925?What about the result of this disaster?What damage do the tornadoes do to the other things?Tornadoes can _ _ cars,trains and even house
21、s and put them down elsewhere,can _ the fur _ the back of a cat and can _ houses,but _ the furniture inside exactly where it was.pick uptakeoffdestroyleaveWork with your partner and make a dialogue about the worst hurricane.A:What occurred on the 8th September 1900 in Galveston?B:.A:What about the s
22、peed of the winds?B:A:How many people were killed in this disaster?B:.A:How many buildings were destroyed?B:.A:What do you think of this disaster?B:.terrible/terrifying/dreadful/frightening/unfortunateWhen did he die?What occurred in 1900?How did the hurricane affect him?Where was the coffin?Skimmin
23、g(略读略读)cemetery coffinIn 1890strikeend up in Expressions to describe response to disasters Hearing the news,people throughout China showed their love in different ways.The government took immediate action.A great many soldiers were sent there to rescue(拯救)(拯救)the people from danger.lots of volunteer
24、s offered help.People in other parts of China also donated a lot of money.Large quantities of food,tent,and medicine were sent to the stricken area for free.give first aid(急救急救),rebuild Homework:writing 根据下面的提示写一篇120-150词的短文,可适当增添细节。2008年5月12日,一次特大地震袭击了汶川,数以万计的人员伤亡,更有许多人无家可归。震后,交通阻断,水电供应也中断了,灾区情况严峻。
25、消息传出后,全国人民纷纷伸出援助之手,众多国家捐钱捐物,帮助灾区人们渡过难关。vThe boy picked up a stone and threw it at the window.vYou need a short-wave radio to pick up BBC program.vI believe things will pick up soon.vHe has picked up some bad habits.vHe picked up a foreign language when he was abroad.vShall I pick you up at the stati
26、on?vt.vt.捡起捡起vt.vt.接收,收听接收,收听vi vi情况好情况好转转vtvt沾染沾染vt vt 偶然学会(语言,技术等)偶然学会(语言,技术等)vt接某人上车接某人上车-When did you _ English?-When I was in college.pick up B.take up C.turn up D.put upCreate word webs for the following two terms and find all the words that are related to them.disasterstrikebreak outoccurtake
27、 placelast hit happendamageinjure/hurt/kill cause/affect block/cut off be trapped in/be caught in get into trouble destroy/damage/ruin lose ones life Complete the following sentences The worst earthquake _(发生)the United States in 1906,_(导致)the worst fires in the nations history.The fires _ three day
28、s,which _a total of 25,000 buildings.The worst tornado of all time occurred in 1925,_(影响)three US states.By the time it ended,more than 700 people _(死亡)and 2700 _(受伤).The traffic _ and the supply of water and electricity _.occurred in/happened in/hit/struckcausinglasteddestroyedaffectinghad been kil
29、ledhad been injuredwas blockedwere cut off1.The worst earthquake_ (发生在)(发生在)the United States in 1906,_(导致)(导致)the worst natural disaster in the nations history.2.The Wenchuan earthquakes_(破坏(破坏整个城市),整个城市),_(8万多人万多人死亡)死亡),with thirty thousand people injured,and making five million people homeless.3.
30、The hurricane _(持续了(持续了3天),天),which_(真是可怕)(真是可怕).happened inoccurred in/hit/struckcausingresulting indestroyed the whole citykilling more than eighty thousand peoplewith more than eighty thousand people dyinglasted/continued for three dayswas terrifying/terrible/awfulComplete the following sentences
31、4.The winds in _(最肆虐)(最肆虐)tornado can reach up to more then 400 kilometers per hour.5.The worst tornado of all time occurred in 1925,_(影响了美国三个州)(影响了美国三个州).6.Hurricanes are strong _(热带风暴热带风暴).7.When the lava reached the sea,there was the possibility of a huge tidal wave,which_(能淹没半个岛能淹没半个岛)8.Tens of
32、thousands of people _(被困(被困在)在)the earthquake stricken areas.9.People at home and abroad _(伸出援助之手伸出援助之手).the most violentaffecting three American statestropical stormsflooded half the islandwere trapped/stuck/inoffered their help/extended their handsComplete these sentences related to disasters with
33、 proper tense and voice 1.By the time it ended,more than700 people_ _(die/kill)and 2,700 people_(injure)2.After the hurricane,mary_(see)that the roof of the house_(disappear).3.She _(return)home,and _(find)all the furniture _(ruin)by the flood.4.We _(leave)the house,when the thunderstorm _(finish)5.
34、When she _(weak up),she_(find)that her house _(destroy)by the thundersdorm.6.Arther was unhappy because some of his animals_(kill/die).had died/had been killedhad been injuredhad disappearedreturnedfoundhad been ruinedlefthad finishedwoke upfoundhad been destroyedhad been killed/had diedsawChoose th
35、e words for transition(过渡词)(过渡词)to complete the sentencesluckily unfortunately thankfully hopefully sadly fortunately 1 _,they left the house before it collapsed.2 _,many people lost their lives.3_,many people showed their love to the survivors.4 _,it wont be long before everything returns to normal
36、.Luckily/FortunatelySadly/UnfortunatelyThankfullyHopefully一、资本的循环二、资本的周转三、社会资本的再生产和流通四、资本主义经济危机一、资本的循环(一)产业资本运动的三个阶段1、产业资本的循环运动必须经过三个阶段 第一阶段是购买阶段。在这个阶段上,资本家用货币资本货币资本在生产要素市场上购买劳动力和生产资料,用公式表示即:第二阶段是生产阶段。资本家使用购买到的生产资料和劳动力进行生产,生产出包含剩余价值的商品,用公式表示即:第三阶段是销售阶段。产业资本回到流通领域,出卖商品,实现价值和剩余价值,用公式表示即:2、产业资本的三种职能形式
37、产业资本在其循环运动中,分别采取了货币资本、生产资本和商品资本三种职能形式。货币资本的职能是购买劳动力和生产资料,为生产剩余价值准备物质条件;生产资本的职能是使劳动力和生产资料以资本主义方式相结合,生产出商品和剩余价值;商品资本的职能是销售商品,通过出售商品收回投资(即预付资本)并实现剩余价值。3、资本循环的含义 产业资本顺序经过三个阶段:购买阶段、生产阶段、销售阶段。采取三种职能形式:货币资本、生产资本和商品资本,实现了价值的增殖,又回到原来出发点的全部运动过程,叫做资本循环资本循环。用公式表示是:(二)产业资本的循环1、产业资本的三种循环形式 产业资本循环存在着货币资本循环、生产资本循环和
38、商品资本循环三种循环形式。可用公式表示如下:2、产业资本的三种循环形式反映了资本运动的不同特征 产业资本的三种循环形式分别从不同的侧面反映了资本运动的不同特征。只有把三种循环形式统一起来考察,才能全面深刻地认识资本循环的本质和规律。在循环运动中,资本通过不同形式的不断变换,最后实现价值的增殖。价值增殖是资本运动的核心和本质。(三)产业资本不断循环的条件1、空间上的并存性 全部产业资本不能同时处在一种职能资本形式上,而必须按一定比例分割为货币资本、生产资本、商品资本三个部分。只有这样,当货币资本转化为生产资本的同时,又有生产资本转化为商品资本,同时商品资本再转化为货币资本,使生产连续不断地进行。
39、2、时间上的继起性 必须保持产业资本每一种职能形式的依次转化,即在时间上的继起性。这就是说,产业资本的三种职能形式都必须顺利地进行各自的循环,不断完成职能形式的转换。不论哪一种职能形式的资本,在各自循环的哪一个阶段上停顿下来,都会使产业资本循环发生中断。3、产业资本循环的两个条件,是相互联系和互为条件的 产业资本正常循环的上述两个条件,是相互联系和互为条件的。一方面,空间上的并存性是时间上相继转化的前提,没有并存性,就没有继起性;另一方面,并存性又是由相继转化引起的(是相继转化的结果),没有时间上的继起性,也就没有空间上的并存性。资本要不断地增殖,就必须不断地进行循环,不断地运动,这是资本的内
40、在要求和本性。二、资本的周转(一)资本周转速度1、资本周转及其与资本循环的联系和区别 不断重复、周而复始的资本循环过程就是资本周转。资本循环与资本周转有密切的联系,二者都是产业资本的运动,都包含着资本运动的三个阶段和三种职能形式。但二者又有区别,资本循环主要是从使用价值的角度描述资本运动,资本周转则主要是从价值的角度描述资本运动。资本循环重点考察资本运动的连续性,主要是分析资本在运动中必须经过哪些阶段、要采取哪些职能形式,揭示资本连续运动必须具备的基本条件;资本周转则重点考察资本运动的速度,分析影响资本价值运动速度的主要因素是什么,资本运动速度的快慢对于资本价值增殖有什么影响。2、资本周转时间
41、和周转次数 资本周转速度的快慢,可以用周转时间和周转次数来计量。周转时间,是指总资本价值从一个循环周期到下一个循环周期的间隔时间,即资本总价值周转一次的时间。周转次数,指的是总资本价值在一定时期内(通常以年为计量单位)周转的次数。3、资本的生产时间和流通时间 生产时间是指资本停留在生产领域内的时间。生产时间主要包括生产资料的储备时间、劳动时间、自然力对劳动对象独立发挥作用的时间。流通时间是指资本停留在流通领域的时间。流通时间包括生产要素的采购时间和商品的销售时间,流通时间的长短主要取决于市场供求状况的好坏、产销距离的远近、交通运输条件等因素。(二)固定资本与流动资本1、区分固定资本和流动资本的
42、根据 影响资本周转速度的另一个重要因素是生产资本的结构或构成。生产资本的各个部分,根据它们在价值流通和周转方式上的不同,可以划分为固定资本和流动资本。2、固定资本和流动资本的含义及特点 固定资本固定资本是以厂房、机器、工具等劳动资料形式存在的那部分生产资本。流动资本流动资本是指以原料、燃料、辅助材料等劳动对象形式存在和体现在劳动力形式上的那部分生产资本。3、固定资本和流动资本的区别 第一,价值流通和周转方式不同。固定资本的价值是根据物质上的磨损程度一部分一部分地转移到新产品中去,并随着商品销售逐渐地从流通中周转回来,而流动资本是随着实物形态一次全部被消耗、一次全部转移(或加入)其价值,并随着商
43、品的销售一次全部从流通中周转回来。第二,物质更新方式不同。固定资本的物质要素可在多次生产过程中使用,发挥其作用,在整个发挥作用的时期内不需要更新,而流动资本只是在一次生产过程中发挥作用并全部被消耗,因而必须随着生产过程的替换不断更新。第三,周转时间不同。由于固定资本使用时间长,每次只是将其转移到商品中的那部分价值随商品进入流通,而流动资本是实物一次被消耗,其价值一次转移(或加入)到商品中并随商品全部进入流通,所以,固定资本周转时间长,流动资本周转时间短,固定资本周转一次往往包含流动资本的多次周转。4、固定资本和流动资本的划分,与不变资本和 可变资本的划分的根本区别 第一,划分的依据不同。固定资
44、本与流动资本的划分是依据资本不同部分的价值周转方式不同。不变资本与可变资本的划分是依据资本的不同部分在剩余价值生产过程中所起的作用不同。第二,划分的内容不同。不变资本包括用于劳动资料和劳动对象的资本;固定资本只包括用于劳动资料的资本。可变资本只是用于劳动力的资本,而流动资本则包括用于劳动力和劳动对象的资本。第三,划分的意义或目的不同。固定资本与流动资本的划分,是为了揭示生产资本的不同部分,对资本周转速度的影响不同,从而对生产的剩余价值数量有不同影响。而不变资本与可变资本的划分,是为了揭示可变资本是剩余价值的真正来源,从而揭露资本主义剥削的秘密及剥削程度。5、固定资本的磨损、折旧和更新 固定资本
45、的有形磨损和无形磨损 固定资本磨损根据引起磨损的原因不同,可分为有形磨损和无形磨损。固定资本的有形磨损又称为物质磨损或物质损耗,是指固定资本的物质要素由于使用或自然力的作用而造成的损耗。固定资本的有形磨损和无形磨损 固定资本的有形磨损又称为物质磨损或物质损耗,是指固定资本的物质要素由于使用或自然力的作用而造成的损耗。固定资本的无形磨损又称精神磨损或精神损耗,是指固定资本在其有效使用年限内,由于生产技术进步而引起的价值上的损失。固定资本折旧 第一,固定资本折旧的含义。固定资本按照其磨损程度逐渐转移到产品中去的价值,必须随着商品的销售不断地从商品销售收入中以货币形式积累起来,进行价值补偿。第二,折
46、旧费或折旧基金。以折旧方式提取并积累起来用于补偿固定资本价值的货币金额叫折旧费或折旧基金。公式是:折旧费固定资本原始价值/固定资本使用年限 第三,折旧率。每年提取的固定资本折旧费与固定资本原始价值的比率叫做折旧率。其公式是:折旧率每年提取的折旧费固定资本原始价值100%固定资本更新 固定资本各组成部分在实物上的替换或更新也是不同的。有的是在整体上一次性更新,有的则是一部分一部分更新即局部更新。局部更新是通过大修理的形式进行的,大修理所耗费的价值由折旧基金来补偿。(五)社会资本扩大再生产的实现条件1、社会资本扩大再生产的前提条件 第一,社会资本的扩大再生产以资本积累为前提。第二,社会资本扩大再生
47、产需要的追加生产资料,是由第一部类生产的。所以,社会资本扩大再生产的一个基本前提条件是,第一部类所生产的全部生产资料,除满足两大部类进行简单再生产所需要补偿的生产资料以外,还必须有一个余额,用以满足两大部类扩大再生产对追加生产资料的需要。第三,追加劳动力需要的追加消费资料是由第二部类生产的,所以,社会资本扩大再生产的另一个基本前提条件是,第二部类一年中所生产的消费资料,除了满足两大部类简单再生产过程中工人和资本家对消费资料的需要以外,也必须有一个余额,用以满足两大部类扩大再生产对追加消费资料的需要。2、社会资本扩大再生产的实现过程 第一,具备了上述两个前提条件,社会资本扩大再生产就有了可能性。
48、但通过资本积累,要使简单再生产转化为扩大再生产,需要将社会总产品按照扩大再生产的两个前提条件重新组合,而且要使社会总产品的各个组成部分全部得到实现。第二,同社会资本简单再生产一样,社会资本扩大再生产情况下的社会总产品也是通过三方面的交换实现的。3、社会资本扩大再生产的实现条件 第一部类原有的可变资本价值,加上追加的可变资本价值,再加上本部类资本家用于个人消费的剩余价值三者之和,必须等于第二部类原有的不变资本价值和追加不变资本价值之和。由这一基本实现条件还可以引申出另两个实现条件,一个条件是,第一部类全部产品的价值,必须等于两大部类原有的不变资本价值和追加的不变资本价值之和。第二部类全部产品的价
49、值,必须等于两大部类原有的可变资本价值、追加的可变资本价值,再加上资本家用于个人消费的剩余价值之和。三、社会资本的再生产和流通(一)社会资本及其运动1、单个资本和社会资本 各自独立地发挥资本的职能、实现价值增殖的资本,就是单个资本单个资本。互相联系、互相依存的所有单个资本的总和,就是社会资本社会资本,又称社会总资本。2、社会总资本的运动与单个资本运动的共同特点 首先,从运动内容来看,都包含着剩余价值的生产过程。其次,从运动形式来看,都采取货币资本、生产资本、商品资本三种职能形式,并完成各自的循环。再次,从运动过程来看,都要经过购买、生产、销售三个阶段,都是生产过程和流通过程的统一。最后,从运动
50、的目的来看,都是为了实现资本的价值增殖。3、社会总资本的运动与单个资本运动不同的特征 第一,单个资本的运动只包括生产消费及与此相适应的资本流通,而不包括工人和资本家的个人生活消费及与此相适应的一般商品流通。第二,社会资本运动不仅包括预付资本价值的流通,而且包括全部剩余价值的流通。第三,考察社会资本运动既要考察资本的价值补偿,又要考察资本的实物补偿。(二)社会总产品的实现与补偿1、社会资本再生产的核心问题,是社会总产品的实现问题 考察社会资本再生产的核心问题,是社会总产品的实现问题,也即社会总产品的补偿问题。社会总产品,是指社会各个物质生产部门在一定时期(通常为一年)内所生产出的全部物质资料的总