1、商务英语翻译商务英语翻译Translation of Business English 商务合同与协议翻译n商务合同与协议的词汇特征n商务合同与协议的文体特征n商务合同与协议的翻译商务合同nContract:an agreement establishing,modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing,that is,between natural persons,legal persons or other organizations.n合同是平等主体
2、的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。商务合同的构成n国际通用的英文商务合同内容大致可以分为三个部分：n 一、约首(the head):包括合同标题和前言。前言中包括 1）订约时间 date of signing 2)订约地点 place of signing 3)合同当事人 signing parties 4)当事人合法依据 each partys authority 5)定约缘由 Recitals of“whereas”Clause商务合同的构成n国际通用的英文商务合同内容大致可以分为三个部分：n 二、本文(the body):1)一般条款 general t
3、erms and conditions 2)特殊条款n三、约尾（the tail):合同份数、使用的文字及其效力、合同附件的效力、签名、盖章条款等。商务合同及协议的词汇特征n1 使用古体词ne.g.1)This agreement shall begin on the date hereof and shall continue for 5 years thereafter.n2)In the event of the death of any partner,this partnership shall not be thereby dissolved.n3)For any business
4、 transacted between governments of both Parties,Party A may handle such direct dealings as authorized by Party As government without binding himself to this Agreement.Party B shall not interfere in such direct dealings nor shall Party B bring forward any demand for compensation wherefrom.naforesaidn
5、aforementionednforthwithnhereafternherebynhereinnhereonn 前述的n 上述的n 随即 n 之后n 据此n 本文件中n 于是；关于这个 nhereofnthereinntheretonthereinafterntheretoforenthereuntonthereuponn 于此n 在其中n 到那里n 以下；在下文n 直到那时n 在那里n 就该事 ntherewithnthereonnhereundernherewithnheretoforenhereinbeforenhereinafternthereaboutn 与此n 关于n 在下文n
6、随附n 迄今为止n 此前n 大约nthereafternthereatnwhereasnwhereonnwherebynwhereinnhithertonwhereasnin witness whereofn 此后，据此n 因此n 鉴于n 关于那；在其上n 由是；凭那个n 在其中n 迄今n鉴于n以兹为证n合同中还会出现一些少见的词汇 e.g.The total Contract price to be paid by Party A pursuant to the Content and Scope of the Contract as stipulated in Section 2 of t
7、he Contract is _.n 按本合同第二章规定的合同内容和范围，甲方向乙方支付的合同总价为_。n pursuant to:according to商务合同及协议的词汇特征n2 使用外来词 pro rate tax rate 比例税率 in lieu of 代替 force majeure 不可抗力 agent ad litem 委托代理人 insurance premium per capita 人均保险费商务合同及协议的词汇特征n3 选词正式 n因为n财务年度末n在之前n关于n开始n停止做n事实上n认为n愿意做n by virtue ofn at the close of the
8、fiscal yearn prior ton as regards/concerning/relating ton commencementn cease to don in effectn deemn intend/desire to do商务合同及协议的词汇特征n3 选词正式 n赔偿n出租n终止n违约n理解合同n其他事项n何时开会并由某某主持n indemnitiesn leasen terminaten breachn construe/comprehend a contractn miscellaneousn the meeting shall be convened and pres
9、ided by sb.商务合同及协议的词汇特征n3 选词正式 e.g.Any event or circumstance beyond the control of the Parties shall be deemed an event of Force Majeure and shall include,but not be restricted to,fire,storm,flood,earthquake,explosion,war,rebellion,insurrection,epidemic and quarantine restriction.n 双方如遇有无法控制的事件或情况应视
10、为不可抗力事件，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、战争、叛乱、暴动、传染病及瘟疫。商务合同及协议的词汇特征n4 多用术语ne.g.In processing transactions,the manufactures never have title either to the materials or the finished products.n在加工贸易中，生产方对原材料和产成品都没有所有权。nThe lead Partner submits a copy of the short term cash flow which covers the period September 20
11、05 to February 2006.Mr.Smith highlights the main items of the cash flow which are the Endowment fund the Advance Payment as far as the Receipt is concerned and the down payment for TBMs and plants,purchase of fixed assets and the advance payment to subcontractors for the Expenditures.n 责任方递交了一份从2005
12、年9月到2006年2月间的短期现金流量表。史密斯先生强调指出：主要的现金流就收入款项而言有集资款和预付款，就支出款项而言有TBM(隧洞掘进机）设备定金、固定资产购置费和分包商预付款。商务合同及协议的词汇特征n4 多用术语nEx Works(named place)工厂交货（指定地点）nFCA:Free Carrier(named place)货交承运人（指定地点）nFAS:Free Alongside Ship(named port of shipment)船边交货（指定装运港）nFOB:Free On Board(named port of shipment)船上交货（指定装运港）nCFR:
13、Cost&Freight(named port of destination)成本加运费（指定目的港）nCIF:Cost,Insurance and Freight(named port of destination)成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）商务合同及协议的词汇特征n4 多用术语nCPT:Carriage Paid To(named place of destination)运费付至（指定目的港）nCIP:Carriage and Insurance Paid To(named place of destination)运费保险费付至（指定目的港）nDAF:Delivered at Fr
14、ontier(named place)边境交货（指定地点）nDES:Delivered ex Ship(named port of destination)船上交货（指定目的港）nDEQ:Delivered ex Quay(named place of destination)码头交易（指定目的地）nDDU:Delivered Duty Unpaid(named place of destination)未完税交货（指定目的地）nDDP:Delivered Duty Paid(named place of destination)完税后交货（指定目的地）商务合同及协议的词汇特征n 5 多用并列
15、结构e.g.This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.n本协议由甲方和乙方共同制定。This agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.n本协议以及本协议所规定的权利或义务，未经另一方同意不得擅自转让。The
16、buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges in the sale and transport of goods.n买方承担货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。商务合同及协议的词汇特征n 6 May,shall,must,may not(或shall not)的使用 nmay 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）nshall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）n must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么）n may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）nmay do 不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成s
17、hould do 或ought to donmay not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not。Case StudynThe parties hereto shall,first of all,settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail,such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court
18、 having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.n双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。Practicen下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品。n合同生效后，当事人就质
19、量、价格或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充。n买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列产品并签订合同。nThe undersigned hereby agrees that the new products are to be made in China.nIf,after the contract made by and between the parties becomes effective,there is no agreement regarding quality,price,or remuneration and place of performance,e
20、tc.or such agreement is unclear,the parties may,through consultation,agree upon supplementary terms and provisions.nThis Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Sellers agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and condi
21、tions stipulated below.PracticenThis letter of intent is confidential and shall not be disclosed to anyone other than the parties and their employees,attorneys and accountants and the possible lenders of the Possible Buyer.The terms of the transaction being discussed are attached hereto,but the term
22、s(and the possible sale itself)are not binding unless and until they are set forth in a written contract signed by the Possible Seller and the Possible Buyer.n本意向书为保密文件。除了本意向书双方及其雇员、律师、会计师和可能买方的可能贷款方之外，任何一方不得向任何其他第三方透露。随附本次协商交易条款，但除非且直到可能的买卖双方签署书面协议，这些条款（及可能销售本身）将不具有约束力。商务合同与协议的文本特征n1 多用陈述句和现在时n陈述句：
23、阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，语言显得比较客观、平实。n现在时：在合同所涉及的内容中，将来的事情远远多于现在，但是对此类事物的讲述一律用现在时，而不用将来时。商务合同与协议的文本特征n2 多用条件句nIn case a third party brings a charge of infringement,licensor shall be responsible for dealing with the third party and bear full legal and financial responsibilities which may arise.n若第三方起诉侵权，出让方应负责
24、处理第三方事物，并承担全部相应的法律和财政责任。商务合同与协议的文本特征n2 多用条件句nShould the effect of Force Majeure continue more than one hundred consecutive days both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible.n如不可抗力事故延续到一百天以上时，双方应通过友好协商尽快解决继续执行合同的问题。商务合同与协议的文本特征n2 多用
25、条件句nWhere there come up special requirements or questions in relation to local circumstances,the Chinese Party may take them into consideration in preparing the design.n若遇有特殊要求及涉及地域性问题，中方可在设计中加以考虑。nTitle will be transferred to the buyer while goods are delivered to New York port,provided that the bu
26、yer has paid.n如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时所有权转至买方。商务合同与协议的文本特征n3 多用被动语态n Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to the competent court in the Peoples Republic of China.n因本合同产生的或与本合同有关的任何争议，都应交由中华人民共和国有管辖权的法院管辖。nIt is understood that the Seller shall not be liable f
27、or any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to the causes for which the Insurance Company,Shipping Company,other transportation organizations and Post Office are liable.n卖方对于由保险公司、船舶公司和其他转运单位或邮政部门造成的损失不承担责任。商务合同与协议的文本特征n3 多用长句n In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken towards the Contractor
28、 in respect of the work executed;or the goods,materials,Plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor,any continuing obligation for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract,the Contractor shall at any time,after the expiration of such period,as sign to the Employ
29、er,at the Employers request and cost,the benefit of such obligation for the unexpired duration thereof.n当分包商在所进行的工作，或其提供的货物、材料、工程设备或服务等方面，为承包商承担了合同规定的缺陷责任期限结束后的任何延长期间须继续承担的任何连续义务时，承包商在根据雇主的要求和由雇主承担费用的情况下，在缺陷责任期满之后的任何时间，将上述未终止的此类义务的权益转让给雇主。Case StudynParty A further unconditionally and irrevocably ag
30、rees to indemnify Party B against all actions,proceedings,claims,demands,losses,liabilities,damages,costs,charges and expenses of whatever nature which may result or which Party B may incur or sustain directly or indirectly arising from or in connection with the Guarantee and to repay to Party B imm
31、ediately all amount paid by Party B in connection with said Guarantee,together with all costs of collection,including reasonable attorneys fees if permitted by law,which may be incurred by way of legal proceedings or otherwise.n甲方进一步无条件和不可撤消地同意就任何性质的直接或间接因有关保证引起或与有关保证相关而可能导致或乙方可能招致或蒙受的一切诉讼、法律程序、索赔、要
32、求、损失、法律责任、损害赔偿、成本、收费和支出向乙方作出赔偿，并连同所有收款费用，包括法律程序或其他方式可能发生并为法律所容许的合理的律师代理费，立即向乙方偿还乙方就上述有关保证支付的所有款额。商务合同与协议的文本特征n5 条目化和程式化nA)subject to/without prejudice tone.g.The determination of quality of Rock Phosphate is subject to the results of analysis of the representative samples drawn from the actually lan
33、ded cargo,conducted by the China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau after arrival of the goods at destination.n磷酸岩质量的确定，以代表性样品的化验结果为准。代表性样品在货物达到目的地后自实际到货中抽取，抽样及化验均由中国出入境检验检疫局办理。商务合同与协议的文本特征n5 条目化和程式化nA)subject to/without prejudice tone.g.Subject to this section,an appeal shall be brought in
34、 such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are predicted by rules made under subsection.n在符合本条的规定下，上诉须按根据款订立的规则内订明的方式提出，并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。nWithout prejudice to your powers and discretions,we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following.
35、n不使贵行权利和任意决定受到损害，本公司兹授权贵行或贵行代理，采取包括但不限于以下的任何行动。商务合同与协议的文本特征n 5 条目化和程式化nB)otherwise ne.g.Unless otherwise specified in the Contract,the supplied goods shall be packed by standard protective measures.n除非合同另有规定，卖方所提供的全部货物，均应按标准的保护措施进行包装。nNo claim shall be recoverable hereunder if the benefit of the con
36、tract herein contained shall become vested in any other person or persons at law or in equity otherwise than by will or operation of law,unless the written consent of the insurer thereto shall have first been obtained.n如果本单所包含的合约利益，不用遗嘱或不运用法律的方式归于正在打官司的其他任何人，就不可取得所索的赔偿，除非首先得到承保人对此的书面同意。商务合同与协议的文本特征n
37、 5 条目化和程式化nC)for the purpose of ne.g.For the purpose of this Agreement,each of the following terms shall have the following meaning respectively.n就本协议目的而言，下列各用语分别具有下述意义。nFor the purposes of subsection(3)permission shall be in writing and n就第（3）款而言，许可须为书面形式而且商务合同与协议的翻译n1 谨慎选用极易混淆的词语谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同
38、时，常常由于选同不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。如下列词语：nAshipping advice 与 shipping instructions nBabide by 与 comply with nC.change A to B 与 change A into B nD.ex 与 per nE.in 与 after nF.on/upon 与 after nG.by 与 before nA shipping advice 与shipping instructionsnshipping advice:装运通知，是由出口商发给进口商的。nshipping instr
39、uctions:装运须知，是进口商发给出口商的。nvendor&vendee:卖主&买主nconsignor&consignee:发货人&收货人nB abide by与comply withnabide by:遵守，主语须是“人”ncomply with:遵守，主语是非人称。ne.g.Both parties shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.n双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。nC change A to B与change
40、 A into Bnchange A to B:把A改为Bnchange A into B:把A折合成/兑换成Bne.g.Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into RMB.n交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。nD ex与pernex:由某轮船“运来”的货物nper:由某轮船“运走”的货物nby:由某轮船“承运”ne.g.The last batch per/ex/by S.S.“Victoria”will arrive in London on October
41、 1st.n由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于10月1日抵达伦敦。nE in与afternin:“多少天之后”的确切的一天nafter:“多少天之后”的不确切的任何的一天ne.g.The goods shall be shipped per M.V.“Dong Feng”on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 41 days.n该货于11月10日由“东风”轮运出，41天后抵达鹿特丹港。nF on/upon与afternon/upon:到后，就nafter:“之后”的时间不明确ne.g.The invoice val
42、ue is to be paid on/upon arrival.n发票货值必须货到付给。nG by与beforenby:在翻译终止时间时，比如在“某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期，就用by.nbefore:如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就用before.ne.g.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15（before June 16)n卖方须在6月15日前将货交给买方。n2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目 A.限定责任 na.and/or e.g.如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其他货
43、物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.nb.by and between ne.g.买卖双方同意按照下述条款购买、出售下列商品并签订本合同。nThis Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell under ment
44、ioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.n2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目 B.限定时间 na.on and after/on or before e.g.自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何订单或收据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。Our terms a
45、re cash within three months,i.e.on or before May 1st.n2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目 B.限定时间 nb.not(no)later than e.g.本合同签字之日起一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract,i.e.,not later than December 15.n2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目 B.限定时间 nc.inclu
46、de的相应形式：inclusive;including;included.e.g.本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。This credit expires till January 1st(inclusive)/till and including January 1st for negotiation in Beijing.如果不包含1月1日，则翻译为 till and not including January1stn2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目nC.限定金额 na.大写文字重复金额 ne.g.聘方每月付给受聘方美元500元整。nParty A shall pay Pa
47、rty B a monthly salary of US$500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).n2 慎重处理合同的关键细目慎重处理合同的关键细目nC.限定金额 nb.正确使用货币符号 n$即可以代表“美元”也可以代表其他地方的货币。n金额数字必须紧靠货币符号 e.g.US$400.此外，还要注意小数点和逗号，务必看清楚。涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转换换n1）主语的转换主语的转换 nA.主语转换为谓语n原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被动语态。译成汉语时，须将英语的被动语态调整为汉语的主动语态，进行翻译转换。Case Stu
48、dynDelivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order,otherwise the Buyer may at its option cancel the order without cost to him,and charge the Seller for any loss incurred as a result of the latters failure to make such delivery.n卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货，否则，买方可取消合同，而不承担任何损失，并要求卖方赔偿由不交货
49、所造成的一切损失。nB.主语转换为宾语n原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常常采用被动语态。译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译成汉语的主动语态，主语转换为宾语。如：nShould all or part of the Contract and its appendices be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.n由于一方过失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及其附件时，由过失方承担违约责任。nC.主
50、语转换为定语n如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切，或宾语本身就是主语的一部分，译成汉语时，为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，往往把原文的主语转换为定语：nEach Party is liable to the Joint Venture Company only up to the limit of the capital subscribed by it.n各方对合资公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。2）宾语的转换宾语的转换nA.宾语转换为主语n合同英语中的某些动词宾语，在逻辑上是应说明的主体，为使其突出醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主语。nParty A shall send twice its t
