1、Lecture 4 Greece EARLY GREECE(2500500B.C.E)Classical and Hellenistic Greece(500100B.C.E)EARLY GREECE 2500500B.C.EThe terrain of Greece Mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands with 13 regions.It also includes of rocky conditions and mountainous terrain.H
2、owever the surrounding bodies of water feed the surplus olives and grapes.Land use 1.)Arable land:19%2.)Permanent crops:8%3.)Forests and woodland:50%4.)Other:23%Early Greece 2500-500B.C.E The Bronze Age(2500 1200B.C.E)The Dark Age(1200700B.C.E）Archaic Greece(700500B.C.E)Three civilizations in the la
3、te Bronze Age the Cycladic (基克拉底文明)(3000 2000 B.C.E)the Minoan (米诺斯文明）(25001400B.C.E)the Mycenaean(迈锡尼文明)(16001200B.C.E)the Cycladic Culture Cycladic civilization was an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea,spanning the period from approximately 3000 BC-2000 BC,which was also b
4、est known for its schematic flat female idols Cycladic idol,parian marble;1.5 m high largest known example of cycladic sculpture.28002300 BCESome terms to describe the Minoan stratified demilitarization unique religon equality catastrophe destructionA Minoan fresco showing a fleet and settlements.My
5、cenae Although the citadel was built by Greeks,the name Mukanai is thought not to be Greek but rather one of the many pre-Greek place names inherited by the immigrant Greeks.In the second millennium BC,Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization,a military stronghold which dominated m
6、uch of southern Greece.The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1200 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae Meanwhile,palace administrators adopted Linear A,transforming to their own languageLinear BLinear A Linear A is one of two currently undeciphered writing systems used in
7、 ancient Greece(Cretan hieroglyphic is the other).Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization.It was discovered by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans.It is the origin of the Linear B script,which was later used by the Mycenaean civilization.Linear BLi
8、near B is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek,the earliest attested form of Greek.The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries.The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1450 BC.It is descended from the older Linear A.Linear B consists of around 87 syllabic si
9、gns and over 100 ideographic signs.These ideograms or signifying signs symbolize objects or commodities.They have no phonetic value and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.Linear BA tale of three cities Wealthy Corinth Martial Sparta Democratic Athens Corinth privileged site social te
10、nsions Cypselus Perinader the tyrant oligarchySparta militarized management Messenia Lycurgus government system the growth of SpartanAthens Social tensions(tyrant vs aristocracy vs citizens)Reforms of Draco and Solon Tyranny(like Peisistratus and his son)DemocracyAcropolis of Athens,with the Roman-e
11、ra Odeon of Herodes Atticus seen on bottom left Classical and Hellenistic Greece 500100B.C.EDelian LeagueThe Delian League,founded in 477 BC,was an association of Greek city-states,members numbering between 150 to 330 under the leadership of Athens,whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian
12、Empire after the Greek victory at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.Shortly after its inception,Athens began to use the Leagues navy for its own purposes.This behavior frequently led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members of the League.By 431 BC,Athens heavy-handed c
13、ontrol of the Delian League prompted the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War;the League was dissolved upon the wars conclusion in 404 BC under the direction of Lysander,the Spartan commander.Pericle a great orator and statesman a successful military commander a democrat whomade Athens democracy reache
14、d its zenithabolished the last property requirements for officeholdingprovided lucrative income to poorer citizensalso led to the Peloponnesion WarSocrates KNOW THYSELF He was a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly
15、through the accounts of classical writers,especially the writings of his students Plato and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.Through his portrayal in Platos dialogues,Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics.Meanwhile,Socrates also made important and lasting
16、 contributions to the field of epistemology(认识论）,which have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.The Death of Socrates,by Jacques-Louis David(1787)Plato a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens(the first institution of higher lear
17、ning in the Western world)the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy,which originate with him.the founder of Western political philosophy,with his Republic,and Laws among other dialogues.Aristotle A Greek philosopher and scientist born in Classical Greece.His writings co
18、ver many subjects including physics,biology,zoology,metaphysics,logic,ethics,aesthetics,poetry,theater,music,rhetoric,linguistics,politics and government and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy.Alexander the Greats teacherHis ethics,though always influential,gained renewe
19、d interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as The First Teacher Alexander the Great a king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.In 334 BC,he invaded the Achaemenid Empire,and began
20、a series of campaigns that lasted ten years.Following the conquest of Asia Minor,Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles.He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.At that point,his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.he invaded India in 326 BC,but eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops.Finally he died in Babylon in 323 BC.The Kingdom of Macedon in 336 BC.
