1、英语词汇学英语词汇学Chapter 10 English Dictionaries英语词典英语词典vDictionary（词典）（词典）:Dictionary is a book which presents in an alphabetical order(字母字母顺序顺序）the words of English with information as to(关于关于）their spelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rules of grammar,and in some,their etymology（词源词源）.10.1 Types of Dict
2、ionaries 词典的类型词典的类型 v10.1.1 Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries单语单语词典和双语词典词典和双语词典 vMonolingual dictionaries are written in one language.That is the headword（主词条主词条）or entries（词目词目）are defined and illustrated（阐明阐明）in the same Language.vBilingual dictionaries（双语词典）（双语词典）:Bilingual dictionaries invo
3、lve two Languages.The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with translation.10.1.2 Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries语言词典和百科词典语言词典和百科词典v Linguistic dictionaries（语言词典）（语言词典）aim at defining words and explaining their usage in the language.They usually cover such a
4、reas as spelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammatical function,usage and etymology（词源词源）,etc.these dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual.v Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into encyclopedia（百科全书）（百科全书）and encyclopedic dictionaries（百科词典）（百科词典）.v10.1.3 Unabridged，desk and pocket d
5、ictionaries大型大型（非节略）非节略）词典词典、案头词典案头词典和和袖珍词典袖珍词典vUnabridged dictionaries:As the name indicates,an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one.Theoretically,it is a complete record of all the words in use.Such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us.v Desk dictionaries:D
6、esk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.vPocket dictionaries:These dictionaries have about 50,000 entries or fewer.Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings.v。10.1.4 specialized dictionar
7、ies（专用词典）（专用词典）v Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or konwledge.These dictionaries may not be very large in size,yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.v 10.2 Use of Dictionaries 词典的使用词典的使用v10.2.1
8、Choice of Dictionary词典的选择词典的选择v1）Monolingual or bilingualv2）General or specializesv3）British or Americanv4）Early or late10.2.2 Content of the Dictionary 词典的内容词典的内容v1).Spelling.It gives the accepted spelling for all words.v 2).Pronunciation.Just like spelling,British and American Dictionaries present
9、 their respective standard pronunciation.v 3).Definition.The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.v 4).Usage.Most desk dictionaries provide usage information.v 5).Grammar.Apart from the usual overage of word classes and inflections,dictionaries include various amounts of grammar inf
10、ormation.v 6).Usage notes and language notes.v 7).Etymological information.Most American desk dictionaries and some British ones give information concerning the origins of words.v 8).Supplementary matter.10.2.3 Use of Dictionar 词典的使用词典的使用v1.Read the contents page to find out quickly what information
11、 is included in the dictionary because this page usually provides a detailed list of content,including supplementary matter.v2.Read the guide to the use of the dictionary,where the compilers explain in detail how to use the dictionary.10.3 Three Good General Dictionaries 三本普通三本普通好词典好词典10.3.1 Longman
12、 Dictionary of Contemporary English 朗曼当代英语词典朗曼当代英语词典vLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English（朗（朗曼曼当代英语词典）当代英语词典）was noted for its wide coverage of new words,new meanings and new new usages,for its simple and clear definitions.10.3.2 Collins COBUILD English Language dictionary科林斯英语词典科林斯英语词典v the u
13、nique features of CCELDv 1).Definition（定义）（定义）,the definitions in this dictionary are all in full sentences.v 2).Extra column（额外专栏）（额外专栏）,the use of extra column to deal with grammar information.v 3).Usage examples（用法举例）（用法举例）,in this dictionary,almost every meaning of a word has an example to show
14、its meaning and usage,most in sentence form10.3.3 A Chinese-English Dictionary英汉词典英汉词典v1).It included catchphrases,sayings and proverbs.v 2).The new edition revised some old entries.v 3).The new edition keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries,which makes the dictionary easy to use.v 4).The
15、dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.英语词汇学英语词汇学Chapter 2The development of the English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展英语词汇的发展2.1 The Indo-European language family 印欧语系印欧语系 v1-It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages,w
16、hich can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.据估计，世界上约有据估计，世界上约有 3 000 多种多种（有人认为（有人认为 5 000 种种）语言，这些语言可以）语言，这些语言可以根据他们的基本词汇和语法的相似性大致划根据他们的基本词汇和语法的相似性大致划分为分为 300 个谱系。个谱系。v2-The Indo-European is one of them.It is made up of mo
17、st of the languages of Europe,the Near East,and India.印欧语就是其中印欧语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数语言、近东之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。诸语言和古梵语。v 3-They accordingly fall into eight principal groups,which can be grouped into an Eastern set:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian and Albanian;a Western set:Celtic,Italic,Helleni
18、c,Germanic.这些语族相应地分这些语族相应地分为为 8 大语族，这大语族，这 8 大语族又可分为东部诸语大语族又可分为东部诸语族。东部诸语族有波罗的海族。东部诸语族有波罗的海-斯拉夫语族，印斯拉夫语族，印 度度-伊朗语族，亚美尼亚伊朗语族，亚美尼亚-阿尔巴尼亚语族阿尔巴尼亚语族;西西部诸语族有凯尔特语族，意大利语族，希腊部诸语族有凯尔特语族，意大利语族，希腊语族，日耳曼语族。语族，日耳曼语族。v 4-In the Eastern set,Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively.The Ba
19、lto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenian and Russian.在东部诸语族中，亚美尼亚在东部诸语族中，亚美尼亚-阿阿尔巴尼亚语族都只留下今天的亚美尼亚语和尔巴尼亚语族都只留下今天的亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语。波罗的海阿尔巴尼亚语。波罗的海-斯拉夫语族包括普斯拉夫语族包括普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语和俄语等。利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语和俄语等。v5-In the Indo-Ir
20、anian we have Persian.Bengali,Hindi,Romany,the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.印度印度-伊朗语族语族波斯语，孟加拉国语，印伊朗语族语族波斯语，孟加拉国语，印地语，吉普赛语，后地语，吉普赛语，后 3 门语言来源于已经消门语言来源于已经消亡的古梵语。亡的古梵语。v6-In the Western set,Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.在西部诸语在西部诸语族中，现代希腊语来源于古希腊语族
21、。族中，现代希腊语来源于古希腊语族。v7-The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish and Swedish,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.Then there is German,Dutch,Flemish and English.日耳曼语族包括日耳曼语族包括 4 门北欧语言：挪门北欧语言：挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这 4 门语门语言统
22、称为斯堪的纳维亚言统称为斯堪的纳维亚 语。其次是德语，荷语。其次是德语，荷兰语，佛兰芒语和英语。兰语，佛兰芒语和英语。2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 英语词汇历史概述英语词汇历史概述v 2.2.1 Old English(450-1150)古英语古英语vAnglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.It was a highly inflected language just like mode
23、rm German.盎格鲁盎格鲁-撒克逊语被称为古英语。古英语约有撒克逊语被称为古英语。古英语约有 50000 至至 60000 词汇。而且也和现代德语一词汇。而且也和现代德语一样是一门典型的屈折语。样是一门典型的屈折语。v2.2.2 Middle English(1150-1500)-中古英语中古英语 vAlthough there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic.虽然英语虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还是日耳曼也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还是日耳曼语。语。vBe
24、tween 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English.Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从从 1250 年到年到 1500 年的年的 250 年间，大约有年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇进入到英语中，个法语词汇进入到英语中，其中其中 75%仍在使用。仍在使用。vIf we say that Old English was a language of full endings.Middle English was one of le
25、veled endings.如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾已去了一半已去了一半 v 2.2.3 Modern English(1500-up to now)现代现代英语英语v Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.现代英现代英语开始于印刷术传入英国。语开始于印刷术传入英国。vEarly(1500-1700)and Late(1700-up to the present)Modern English 现在英语分为早期现在英语分为早期现代英语（现
26、代英语（1500 至至 1700 年）和晚期现代英年）和晚期现代英语（语（1700-至今）至今）vIn the early period of Modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.This is known in history as the Renaissance.在早期现代英语在早期现代英语阶段，欧洲掀起了学习希腊和罗马的古典著阶段，欧洲掀起了学习希腊和罗马的古典著作的运动。这场运动史称文艺复兴。作的运动。这场运动史称文艺复兴。vLatin and Gree
27、k were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage and of great scholarship.当当时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是西方世界灿烂文时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是西方世界灿烂文学遗产的语言，是学术语言学遗产的语言，是学术语言 vIn fact,more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages.事实上，现代英语词汇中有事实上，现代英语
28、词汇中有 25%以上几以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的（乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的（WBD）。）。v In modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English)to the present analytic language.在现代英在现代英语中，除了少数几个词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。语中，除了少数几个词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以
29、这样说，英语已从古英语的综合型语言发展成可以这样说，英语已从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言了现在的分析型语言。2.3 Growth of Present-day Enlish Vocabulary现代英语词汇量的增长现代英语词汇量的增长vThree main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology 45 ）social,economic and political changes 11 ）the influence（;（;of other cultures and lan
30、guages（24 ）.新词的产生有新词的产生有 3 大来源：现代科学和技术的大来源：现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（迅猛发展（45 ）;社会，经济和政治的变社会，经济和政治的变化（化（11 ）;其它文化和语言的影响（其它文化和语言的影响（24 ）。）。2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development词汇发展词汇发展的模式的模式vModern English vocabulary develops through three channels:creation,semantic change,borrowing.现现代英语词汇的发展主要通过三个渠道：创词、旧词代英语词汇的发展主
31、要通过三个渠道：创词、旧词新义和借词。新义和借词。vCreation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.创词是指通创词是指通过使用现有的材料，即词根，词缀和其它形式创造过使用现有的材料，即词根，词缀和其它形式创造新词。在现代时期，这是词汇扩展的最重要的形式新词。在现代时期，
32、这是词汇扩展的最重要的形式。vSemantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words,thus enriching the vocabulary.旧旧词新义是指赋予旧词新的含义以满足新的需词新义是指赋予旧词新的含义以满足新的需要。这一方式不增加词得数量，但却创造了要。这一方式不增加词得数量，但却创造了
33、词的许多新用法，以丰富词汇。词的许多新用法，以丰富词汇。vBorrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary,particularly in earlier times.Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words.借词在词汇的发展中起了重要的作用，尤其借词在词汇的发展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借词在所有新词中，借词只占是在早期。借词在所有新词中，借词只占 6%-7%。vIn earlier stages of
34、English,French,Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors.英语在早期阶段主要是向法语英语在早期阶段主要是向法语、拉丁语、希腊语和斯堪的纳维亚语借词。、拉丁语、希腊语和斯堪的纳维亚语借词。vReviving archaic or obsolete words(复活古词复活古词和废弃词和废弃词)also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.复活古词和废弃词对整个英语词汇来说虽然复活古词和废弃词对整个英语词汇来说虽然影响不大，但却是一种发展方式。影响不大，但却是一种发展方式。
