1、小小 学学 英英 语语 语语 法法一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、人称代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、数词七、形容词和副词八、there be结构九、句式1.肯定句2.否定句3.疑问句4.祈使句十、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句一、名词名词（表示人和事物名称的词）专有名词普通名词特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g.Jim Green，New York，Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：stude
2、nt,desk集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class,family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water,rice,sand，hair抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love，carelessness个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式：形式。名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。）复数（
3、表示多于一个的人或数）。名词的数：名词的数：可数名词不可数名词chicken(鸡，一种动物)fish（鱼，一种动物）an ice cream（一个冰淇淋）a tomato salad（一种西红柿沙拉）chicken（鸡肉）fish（鱼肉）ice cream（冰淇淋这一类）salad（沙拉这一类）名词复数形式的构成名词复数形式的构成形式形式变化规则变化规则发音发音例词例词一般情况一般情况+s1.清辅音结尾的名词后清辅音结尾的名词后s2.浊辅音结尾的名词后浊辅音结尾的名词后z；3.元音结尾的名词后元音结尾的名词后z;books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,player
4、s以以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名词结尾的名词+esizbus,brush,boxes,watch,大多数以大多数以-o结结尾的有生命名尾的有生命名词词+esztomatoes,potatoes,heroes以以o结尾的无生结尾的无生命名词命名词+szradios,pianos,photos以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词结尾的名词把把y改成改成i再再加加eszstories,families,babies以以f和和fe结尾的结尾的大多数名词大多数名词把把f或或fe改改成成v再加再加eszthieves,knives,wives不规则名词的复数不规则名词的复数1.由元音字母的变
5、化构成：由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是但也可以是fishes)3.有些名词变成复数时加有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxenPractise1.peach_ 2.zoo _3.glass _4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _11.rose _ 12.p
6、ath _13.judge _ 14.map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps二、人称代词和物主代词二、人称代词和物主代词 主格主格 宾格宾格 形容词性形容词性 名词性名词性 I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours they them their theirsPractise1._(他)is my brother.
7、2.I had a letter from _(她).3.Its all right;its only _(我).4.Today _(我们)went in _(我们的)car;tomorrow _(我们)are going in _(他们的).5._(我)lend _(我的)books gladly to _(我的)friends and to _(你的).6.Can you help _(我)with _(我的)English.7.When _(你)go to see _(你的)father,please take these books to _(他).8._(他们)found _(它)d
8、ifficult to learn German.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit所有格所有格所有格的形式所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls以以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess下列情况一般用
9、下列情况一般用“of”结构：结构：1.东西东西(没有现成的复合名词时没有现成的复合名词时):the book of the film2.东西的一部分东西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.抽象的概念抽象的概念:the price of success4.当当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?双重双重 s结构也可以用于结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个
10、名词前通常只出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：用一个限定词，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.冠词不定冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词单数可数名词复数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词名词前可不用冠词不定冠词的用法：
11、不定冠词的用法：1.表示表示“一一”，“任何一个任何一个”或或“不管哪一个不管哪一个”的意思。的意思。I have a sister and two brothers.2.在某些度量表示法中：在某些度量表示法中：We have PE lessons three times a week.3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。George wants to be an engineer.4.在以在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。What a pretty girl!5.一些常用
12、短语中。一些常用短语中。have a good time,half an hour,have a headache.定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：1.用来表示用来表示“独一无二独一无二”的意思。的意思。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2.表示表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。the letter from America,
13、the fourteenth of April4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。用在泛指的乐器名词前。He plays the piano.5.一些常用短语。一些常用短语。by the way,in the morning,Whats the matter?零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：1.泛指的抽象名词前。泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people.2.泛指的物质名词前。泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful.3.泛指的复数名词前。泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends.4.泛指的泛指的“餐餐”名前。名前。Co
14、me to have dinner/breakfast with me.5.大多数的专有名词前。大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France.6.语言的名词前。语言的名词前。She can speak French.7.在季节和节日的名词前。在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating.8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier.9.在体育项目的名词前。在体育项目的名词前。play basketball10.一些常用短语。一些常用短语。at home,go to sc
15、hool,at night1.There is _notebook on my desk.I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2.There is _bottle on the table._ water in it is sweet.3.Wangs mother is _English teacher.She teaches in _ primary school.4.China is _ ancient country with _ long history.5.China has _ population of 12 hundred million._ Ch
16、inese people are _ great people.6.Her mother is _ university teacher.She is _ honest woman.7.None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian.8._Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul.9.She studies at _No.3 Middle School.She goes to _ school by _
17、bus every day.10.My elder sister is _student of _ English.She studies at _ college.11._ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold.12.Have you had _dinner?PractiseatheaTheantheanatheThe/aanthethethe/The/aaThe/四、动词四、动词 动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。小学阶段所涉及的动
18、词主要有：实义动词、小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词动词、情态动词can,must等。等。Be动词am,is,arewas,werebeenPractise1.He _ very good at English.2.My father and I _ going to Beijing next month.3._ you on duty the day before yesterday?4.Mr.King _ in London two weeks ago.5.There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo.6.What _ the d
19、ate yesterday?7.Look!A little girl _ flying a kite.8.Who _ not at school last Monday?9.Have you ever _ to Japan?10.I _ not a nurse.I work as a doctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasbeenam动词的基本形式原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词studystudiesstudiedstudied studyingdodoesdiddonedoinghavehashadhadhavinglearnlearnslearned/l
20、earntlearned/learntlearning第三人称单数现在式情况情况变化规则变化规则例词例词一般情况一般情况+sworks,learns,eats,needs,says结尾为结尾为s,x,sh,ch,o+espasses,washes,teaches,goes,fixes结尾为辅音结尾为辅音字母字母+y变y为i+escarries,studies,flies,hurries,cries 动词动词be和和have的第三人称单数现在式的第三人称单数现在式分别是分别是is和和has。动词的过去式 构成构成例词读音例词读音在动词在动词后加后加ed在以在以e结结尾的动词尾的动词后加后加ed在
21、以辅音字母加在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，结尾的动词后，先变先变y为为i再加再加ed在重读闭音节或在重读闭音节或r音节音节结尾而末尾只有一个结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母时，须双写辅音字母时，须双写这个辅音字母再加这个辅音字母再加ed在清辅音后读在清辅音后读tlookedwashedpassedhopedlikedstoppeddropped在元音和浊辅音在元音和浊辅音后读后读dstayedcalledlivedstudiedtriedcarriedplannedpreferred在辅音在辅音t、d后读后读idtastedneededadmittedpermitted现在分词情况情况变化规则变化规
22、则例词例词一般情况一般情况+ingdoing,asking,helping以不发音的以不发音的e结尾结尾的动词的动词去去e加加inghaving,taking,writing,living以重读闭音节结尾以重读闭音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词音字母的动词双写最后一个辅音双写最后一个辅音字母，再加字母，再加ingrunning,swimming,putting,sitting原形第三人称单数现在式过去式现在分词have givegetread sweepplay carry hashadhavinggivesgavegivinggetsgotgettingreadsread
23、readingsweepssweptsweepingplaysplayedplayingcarriescarriedcarryingPractise五、动词的时态动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。小学阶段所学的时态有：小学阶段所学的时态有：1.一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work 一般现在时基本用法介绍一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能一般现在时的功能1.表
24、示事物或人物的特征、状态。表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与时间副词连用：常与时间副词连用：always,often,usually,every,on Sundays,twice a week等。等。如：如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。我天天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。表示客观现实。如：如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。地球绕着太阳转。一般现在时一般现在时一般现在时基本结构肯定句否定句一般
25、疑问句I work.We work.I dont work.We dont work.Do I work?Do we work?You work.You dont work.Do you work?They work.They dont work.Do they work?SheHe works.ItSheHe doesnt work.It sheDoes he work?it 一、一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink _ go _ stay _ make _look _ have_ pass_ carry _二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。二、用括号内动词的适
26、当形式填空。1.He often _(have)dinner at home.2.Daniel and Tommy _(be)in Class One.3.We _(not watch)TV on Monday.4.Nick _(not go)to the zoo on Sunday.5._ they _(like)the World Cup?6._ your parents _(read)newspapers every day?7.The girl _(teach)us English on Sundays.8.She and I _(take)a walk together every
27、evening.三、按照要求改写句子三、按照要求改写句子1.Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句改为否定句)_2.I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)_3.She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答)_ 4.We go to school every morning.(改为否定句改为否定句)_五、改错五、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上)1.Is your brother speak English
28、?_2.Does he likes going fishing?_3.He likes play games after class._4.Mr.Wu teachs us English._5.She dont do her homework on Sundays._现在进行时通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。持续性、暂时性和未完成性。常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now,these days,look,listen等。等。基本结构基本结构肯定句
29、肯定句否定句否定句一般疑问句一般疑问句I am working.We are working.Im not working.Were not working.Am I working?Are we working?You are working.You arent working.Are you working?They are working.They arent working.Are they working?SheHe is working.ItSheHe isnt working.It sheIs he working?it 动词加动词加ing的变化规则的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接
30、加一般情况下，直接加ing，如：如：cook-cooking 2以不发音的以不发音的e结尾，去结尾，去e加加ing，如：如：make-making,taste-tasting 3假如末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，假如末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing如：如：run-running,stop-stopping现在进行时专项练习：现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：run_ swim _make_ begin_go_ like_ write_ shop _have _sing _dance _put_
31、 see_ love_ live_ take_ come _ get _stop_ sit _ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _(draw)a picture now.2.Listen.Some girls _(sing)in the classroom.3.My mother _(cook)some nice food now.4.What _ you _(do)now?5.Look.They _(have)an English lesson.三、句型转换：1.They are doing housework.(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句
32、)_2The students are cleaning the classroom.(改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答)_一般过去时通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday,last,ago,just now,in 1998等。等。基本结构基本结构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑问句一般疑问句I worked.We worked.I didnt work.We didnt work.Did I work?Did we work?
33、You worked.You didnt work.Did you work?They worked.They didnt work.Did they work?She He worked.ItSheHe didnt work.It sheDid he work?it动词过去式变化规则：动词过去式变化规则：1一般在动词末尾加一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：，如：work-worked,2结尾是结尾是e加加d，如：，如：live-lived 3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加再加-如：如：
34、stop-stopped 4以以“辅音字母辅音字母 y”结尾的，变结尾的，变y为为i，再加再加-ed，如：，如：study-studied5不规则动词过去式：不规则动词过去式：am、is-was,are-were,do-did see-saw,say-said,give-gave,get-got go-went,come-came,have-had,eat-ate take-took,run-ran,sing-sang,put-put,make-made,read-read,write-wrote,draw-drew,drink-drank,swim-swam,sit-sat 一、一、用动词的
35、适当形式填空用动词的适当形式填空1.It _(be)Bens birthday last Friday.2.We all _(have)a good time last night.3.He _(jump)high on last Sports Day.4.Helen _(milk)a cow on Friday.5.She likes _ newspapers,but she _a book yesterday.(read)6._ they _(sweep)the floor on Sunday?No,they _.7.I _(watch)a cartoon on Monday.一般将来时表
36、示将来发生的动作或情况。表示将来发生的动作或情况。常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next,Be going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示做某事；也可以表示“预见预见”，即现在已有迹象表，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。基本结构基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句Im going to work.Were going to work.Im not going to work.We arent going to work.Am I going to
37、work?Are we going to work?Youre going to work.You arent going to work.Are you going to work?Theyre going to work.They arent going to work.Are they going to work?SheHe is going to work.ItSheHe isnt going to work.It sheIs he going to work?it 练习：填空。练习：填空。1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。我打算明天和朋友去野炊。I_ _ _ have a picnic w
38、ith my friends.I _ have a picnic with my friends.2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛下个星期一你打算去干嘛?我想去打篮球。我想去打篮球。What _ _ _ _ _next Monday?I _ _ _ play basketball.（同义句（同义句3.你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。_ your mother _ _ go shopping this _?Yes,she _.She _ _ _ buy some fruit.4.你们打算什么时候见面。你们打算什么时候见面。What time
39、_ you _ _ meet?用所给词的适当形式填空。用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Today is a sunny day.We _(have)a picnic this afternoon.2.My brother _(go)to Shanghai next week.3.Tom often _(go)to school on foot.But today is rain.He _(go)to school by bike.4.What do you usually do at weekends?I usually _(watch)TV and _(catch)insects?5.Its F
40、riday today.What _she _(do)this weekend?She _(watch)TV and _(catch)insects.1.Peter _(play)basketball twice a week.2.Do you believe what he _(say)just now?3.Look!The lazy cat _(sleep)in the sofa.4.There _(be)a book and two pens on the desk.5._you _(see)a film tomorrow morning?6.She _(not play)the gui
41、tar at the moment.7.What _his father usually _(do)in the evening?8.They _(have)a meeting next week,arent they?9.Both he and I _(be)teachers.10.I _(not feel)very well yesterday.11.He put on his coat and _(go)out.12.Lei Feng often _(help)others and he was helpful.13.Next Sunday,we _(clean)up the park.
42、14.Hurry!Your mother _(wait)for you at the school gate.summary playssaidis sleepingisAregoing to seeisnt playingdoesdo are going to havearedidnt feelwenthelpsare going to cleanis waiting六、介词六、介词介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之
43、相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方位介词方位介词in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,in front of,next to,between时间介词时间介词in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between 其它其它of,by,with,into,out of,for,Practise1.Look _ the picture.Its picture_ my school.2.There is a school building
44、 _ my school.It has five floors._ the school building,there is a big playground._school,the children always play ball games there.3.My classroom is_ the fifth floor.Its big and clean.4.Miss Li is our class teacher.She comes _ school early every morning.She comes _bicycle.Then she does morning exerci
45、ses _us.She likes sports.Tomorrow is her birthday.We will make a card _ her.We love her very much.5.There are some apples _ the tree.6.Wheres your study?Its next _ my bedroom.7.The car _ the tree is Jacks.8.The ball is_ the door,so you cant see it.9._ _ _the house,there are many trees.10.Listen!Some
46、one is knocking _the door.11.There is something wrong _ my computer.atofinNearAfterontobywithforontounderbehindIn front ofat七、数词1.表示数目的词称为基数词表示数目的词称为基数词2.表示数目顺序的词称为序数词表示数目顺序的词称为序数词1.112的基数词的基数词：one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve1319的基数词：的基数词：thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixt
47、een,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：的基数词：twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：的基数：twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,twenty-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-nine thirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.-teen-ty十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”2.百位数
48、百位数：one hundred,two hundred,three hundred,four hundredfive hundred and eight-six,six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight,eight hundred and one3.千位数千位数：one thousand,four thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five百位数和十位数之间加百位数和十位数之间加and。注意注意 英语中没有英语中没有“万万”这个单位，所以常用这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。来表
49、示。ten thousand,thirty thousand,fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two1.英语序数词第英语序数词第1-19除了除了first,second与与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀基数词加后缀-th构成。构成。注意：注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和和twelfth的拼法。的拼法。2.十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty
50、中的中的y变为变为i，然后加后缀然后加后缀-eth,如：如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用词，中间用“-”连字符。如：连字符。如：twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand,million等加等加-th,前面加有前面加有关的基数词构成。如：关的基数词构成。如：one hundredth,one thousandth 注意：序数词前的注意
