1、Unit 1Living well语法专题内容索引写作专题Period ThreeGrammar&Writing语法专题用所给动词的正确形式填空用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Listen!The sound seems (come)from the jungle.2.Columbus was considered (discover)the great land of America.3.He had his horse (jump)over the fence.4.I cant go,for I have an important meeting (attend).5.Im sorry (ke
2、ep)you waiting for so long.语法感知语法感知复习动词不定式to be comingto have discoveredjumpto attendto have kept6.She is too weak (join)us in the outing.7.It is pleasant (hear)him play the piano.8.Mother was writing,so she requested her son (stop)making noises.9.Professor Black is easy (get)on with.10.(complete)th
3、e project as planned,well have to work two more hours a day.to jointo hearto stopto getTo complete动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等,但不能作谓语。语、状语、宾语补足语等,但不能作谓语。一、结构一、结构基本结构:基本结构:to动词原形,有时不定式符号动词原形,有时不
4、定式符号to可以省略。可以省略。否定形式:否定形式:not to动词原形动词原形。语法精析语法精析不定式有形式和语态变化,通常有下表中的几种形式不定式有形式和语态变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以以do为例为例):形式形式主动主动被动被动一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式to have been doing 二、用法二、用法1.作主语作主语动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。To love and to be loved is
5、the greatest happiness one can seek.爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。为了避免头重脚轻,常用为了避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语放在句首,作主语的不定式常置作形式主语放在句首,作主语的不定式常置于句末。于句末。It would be better for you to go there.你还是去的好。你还是去的好。注意:注意:(1)若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话,要在不定式前加若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话,要在不定式前加for引起的短语,构成引起的短语,构成“for名词名词(或代词宾格或代词宾格)不定式不定
6、式”短语,这一短语,这一短语被称为不定式的复合结构。短语被称为不定式的复合结构。(2)在在“It isadj.不定式复合结构不定式复合结构”句型中,当其中的形容词是说明句型中,当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时,要由逻辑主语的性质、品质时,要由of引出逻辑主语,不能用引出逻辑主语,不能用for。这类形。这类形容词主要有容词主要有clever,foolish,kind,nice,polite,silly,stupid,wise等。等。Its easy for him to work out this math problem.对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。I
7、t was careless of him to make such a mistake.He was careless to make such a mistake.出了这样的错误,他太粗心了。出了这样的错误,他太粗心了。2.作表语作表语放在放在be,become,sound,taste等系动词后面常表示将来的动作或起解等系动词后面常表示将来的动作或起解释说明作用,其主语常常是释说明作用,其主语常常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等表等表示意向、打算、计划的词。示意向、打算、计划的词。To see is to believe.眼见为实。眼见为实。Her pla
8、n is to be a failure.她的计划是注定要失败的。她的计划是注定要失败的。不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作,或表示未来的可能性不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作,或表示未来的可能性或假设。或假设。The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.明天学生们将在学校大门口见面。明天学生们将在学校大门口见面。3.作宾语作宾语(1)直接作及物动词的宾语直接作及物动词的宾语 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有:只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有:afford(付得起付得起),agree(同意同意),aim(力力求做到求做到),a
9、ppear(显得显得),arrange(安排安排),attempt(试图试图),choose(决定决定),claim(声称声称),decide(决定决定),demand(要求要求),determine(决心决心),expect(期待期待),fail(未履行未履行),help(帮助帮助),hesitate(犹豫犹豫),hope(希望希望),learn(学会学会),manage(设法设法),neglect(疏忽疏忽),offer(主动提出主动提出),plan(计计划划),prepare(准备准备),pretend(假装假装),promise(答应答应),prove(证明证明),refuse(拒绝拒
10、绝),seem(觉得好像觉得好像),swear(发誓发誓),tend(往往会往往会),threaten(恐吓恐吓),undertake(承诺承诺),volunteer(自愿做自愿做),vow(发誓发誓),want(想要想要),wish(希望希望)等。等。The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。司机没能及时看见另一辆车。(2)“疑问词不定式疑问词不定式”,不定式前可带,不定式前可带what,who,which,where,when,how,whether等疑问词。等疑问词。Please show us how to
11、deal with the haze.请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。I dont know which one to choose.我不知道选哪一个。我不知道选哪一个。(3)常用句型常用句型“主语主语v.itadj./n.to do sth.”。其中,。其中,it为形式宾语,为形式宾语,to do为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有:为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有:believe,consider,feel,find,make,suppose,think等。等。I think it very useful to learn a foreign language.我认为学
12、门外语很有用。我认为学门外语很有用。4.作定语作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语时,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。动词不定式作定语时,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。Attention,please.I have something important to say.请注意,我有重要的事情要说。请注意,我有重要的事情要说。Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.他每天叫一个小动物给他带来一些吃的东西。他每天叫一个小动物给他带来一些吃的东西。(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。如
13、果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。Give me a piece of paper to write on.给我一张纸写字给我一张纸写字。仅供学习交流!仅供学习交流!(3)当中心词为序数词,最高级,当中心词为序数词,最高级,the last,the only等或中心词被这类词等或中心词被这类词修饰时,常用不定式作定语。修饰时,常用不定式作定语。She is hardworking and is always the first one to come every day.她很勤奋,每天总是第一个来。她很勤奋,每天总是第一个来。He is the only person to know
14、 the truth.他是唯一了解真相的人。他是唯一了解真相的人。5.作状语作状语 (1)表示目的表示目的 She went to the hospital to see her grandfather yesterday.昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。To keep up with others,he has been working very hard.为了赶上别人,他一直在努力学习。为了赶上别人,他一直在努力学习。注意:注意:作目的状语的不定式前,常加上作目的状语的不定式前,常加上in order或或so as,但,但so as不能位于不能位于句首。句首。She a
15、sked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5:00 plane.为了赶上为了赶上5点的飞机她让我开车把她送到机场。点的飞机她让我开车把她送到机场。(2)表示结果表示结果 动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构:动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构:so形容词形容词/副词副词as to do如此如此以致以致such形容词名词形容词名词as to do如此如此以致以致enough名词名词to do足够足够名词名词/形容词形容词/副词副词enoughto do足够足够too形容词形容词/副词副词to do太太以致
16、不能以致不能He is not so stupid(such a fool)as to do that.他还没有蠢到做那种事。他还没有蠢到做那种事。The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亚号来得太晚,没能挽救更多的人。加利福尼亚号来得太晚,没能挽救更多的人。注意:注意:不定式短语表示结果时,常与不定式短语表示结果时,常与only连用,暗示一种意外的结果。连用,暗示一种意外的结果。He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站,
17、却发现火车开走了。他匆忙赶到车站,却发现火车开走了。(3)表示原因表示原因不定式作原因状语,常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。不定式作原因状语,常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。Im sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。(4)在在“be性质形容词不定式性质形容词不定式”结构中。常见的形容词有:结构中。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,light,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,imposs
18、ible等等。The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。这个箱子不易携带。注意:注意:此句型中此句型中to do不定式用主动形式表被动意义不定式用主动形式表被动意义。6.作宾补作宾补(1)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补:不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补:ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,inform,invite,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,
19、urge,warn等。等。My friend invited me to see the film Born in China yesterday.昨天我的朋友邀请我去看了电影我们诞生在中国。昨天我的朋友邀请我去看了电影我们诞生在中国。Who taught you to play the music?谁教你弹这支曲子的?谁教你弹这支曲子的?(2)使役动词使役动词 letlet,have,make后,感官动词后,感官动词see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补,省略等后作宾补,省略to。get除外除
20、外(get sb.to do sth.)。The teacher made him say the word like this.老师让他像这样说这个单词。老师让他像这样说这个单词。注意:注意:上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号to不能省掉。不能省掉。The children were seen to run down the street.有人看到孩子们沿着这条街跑了。有人看到孩子们沿着这条街跑了。高考链接高考链接.用所给动词的正确形式填空用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods a
21、nd metal _(create)special designs.(2016全国全国)2.For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something _(eat)!(2016四川四川)3.(make)it easier to get in touch with us,youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京北京)to createto eatTo make4.When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and ar
22、e now cold enough (cool)the house during the hot day.(2015全国全国)5.Since the plants took a while to grow,he started cutting down trees _ (sell)the wood.(2015广东广东)6.It took years of work (reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014新课标全国新课标全国)7.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the
23、 driver,but he refused (stop)until we reached the next stop.(2014新课标全国新课标全国)8.He is thought (act)foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.(2014江西江西)to cooltosellto reduceto stopto have acted9.Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it did
24、nt fit.(2014天津天津)10.Its standard practice for a company like this one (employ)a security officer.(2014山东山东)11.Volunteering gives you a chance (change)lives,including your own.(2013北京北京)12.The engine just wont start.Something seems (go)wrong with it.(2013重庆重庆)to findto employto changeto have gone.单句改
25、错单句改错(每小题仅有每小题仅有1处错误处错误)1.He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.(2016浙江,短文改错浙江,短文改错)2.The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.(2015浙江,短文改错浙江,短文改错)knowfeel3.Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of
26、the problems I have been experiencing.(2015四川,短文改错四川,短文改错)4.The commanding officer,Wayne Tyler,who was directly responsible for the study of all such reports,decided to making his findings known.(2011辽宁,短文改错辽宁,短文改错)maketo5.My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to stay
27、ing another couple of days.(2011大纲全国,短文改错大纲全国,短文改错)stay写作专题建议信是向收信人就某事提出写信人的建议和忠告。建议信有可能是写建议信是向收信人就某事提出写信人的建议和忠告。建议信有可能是写给个人,就其遇到的某个问题提出自己的看法和观点;也可能是写给某给个人,就其遇到的某个问题提出自己的看法和观点;也可能是写给某个组织和机构,就改进其服务提出建议或忠告个组织和机构,就改进其服务提出建议或忠告。1.写作步骤:写作步骤:建议信要写出写信的原因、建议的内容、提出建议的理由。提出的理由建议信要写出写信的原因、建议的内容、提出建议的理由。提出的理由要合
28、情合理,语气一定要礼貌当先。因此建议信要写得简明扼要、目的要合情合理,语气一定要礼貌当先。因此建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、具有合理性和说服力。具体写作步骤如下明确、具有合理性和说服力。具体写作步骤如下:写作指导写作指导Practical writing:letter of suggestion首段:表明写作意图。陈述事由,简单介绍自己,注意语气。首段:表明写作意图。陈述事由,简单介绍自己,注意语气。主体:应该首先肯定对方的优点,然后再写需要改进的地方或针对具体主体:应该首先肯定对方的优点,然后再写需要改进的地方或针对具体情况提出具体建议或忠告。千万注意不要让别人以为你是在投诉,而不情况提出
29、具体建议或忠告。千万注意不要让别人以为你是在投诉,而不是提建议。是提建议。尾段:对提出的建议进行总结,要注意有礼貌,使对方容易接受尾段:对提出的建议进行总结,要注意有礼貌,使对方容易接受。2.篇章结构:篇章结构:(1)说明说明写信的原因写信的原因/目的目的;(2)分析提出具体建议以及原因;分析提出具体建议以及原因;(3)叙述采纳建议的益处并表达自己的期望叙述采纳建议的益处并表达自己的期望。1.建议信常用开头句式建议信常用开头句式I would like to suggest that.I am writing to express my views concerning.You have as
30、ked me for my advice with regard to.,and I will try to make some suggestions.2.表达建议常用句式表达建议常用句式I feel that it would be beneficial if.I would like to suggest that.If I were you,I would.It would seem to me that you could.常用句式常用句式3.建议信常用结尾句式建议信常用结尾句式I hope you will find these suggestions/proposals/reco
31、mmendations helpful/practical/useful.I would be more than happy to see improvements in this regard.I trust you will take my suggestions into account/consideration.假定你是李华,你的英国朋友假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter来信向你咨询如何才能学好中文。请来信向你咨询如何才能学好中文。请你根据下列要点给他写封回信:你根据下列要点给他写封回信:1.参加中文学习班;参加中文学习班;2.看中文书刊、电视;看中文书刊、电视;3.学唱中文歌曲
32、;学唱中文歌曲;4.交中国朋友。交中国朋友。注意:注意:1.词数词数100左右;左右;2.信的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。信的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。典题示例典题示例Step 1审题谋篇审题谋篇写作要求是写一封信,就如何学好中文提出建议。写作时应注意下面写作要求是写一封信,就如何学好中文提出建议。写作时应注意下面几点:几点:1.确定文体:这是一封建议信。写作时注意建议信的写作特点。确定文体:这是一封建议信。写作时注意建议信的写作特点。2.主体时态:文章应以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。主体时态:文章应以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。3.主体人称:由于是给对方提出建议,所以人称应
33、该以第二人称为主。主体人称:由于是给对方提出建议,所以人称应该以第二人称为主。写作步骤Step 2联想词汇联想词汇1.几条建议几条建议_2.从从学习学习_3.另外另外_4.交朋友交朋友_5.尝试做某事尝试做某事_a few suggestions/some pieces of advicelearn from.besides/in addition/whats moremake friendstry doing sth.Step 3句式升级句式升级1.首先,上中文课很重要,因为你将能够向老师学习并和同学一起练习。首先,上中文课很重要,因为你将能够向老师学习并和同学一起练习。First,as y
34、oull be able to learn from the teachers and practice with your fellow students.(不定式作不定式作主语主语)First,as youll be able to learn from the teachers and practice with your fellow students.(it作形式作形式主语主语)to take a Chinese course is importantit is important to take a Chinese course2.然后,无论何时只要有可能,看中文电视和读中文书、报
35、纸和杂志也然后,无论何时只要有可能,看中文电视和读中文书、报纸和杂志也是有帮助的。是有帮助的。Then,it also helps to watch TV and read books,newspapers and magazines in Chinese .(whenever引导状语从句引导状语从句)Then,it also helps to watch TV and read books,newspapers and magazines in Chinese .(状语从句的省略状语从句的省略)whenever it is possiblewhenever possibleStep 4连句成
36、篇连句成篇Dear Peter,Im glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well._Here are a few suggestions.First,it is important to take aChinese course,as youll be able to learn from the teachers and practice with your fellow students.Then,it also helps to watch TV and read books,
37、newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever possible.Besides,it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs,because by doing so youll learn and remember Chinese words more easily.In addition,_Yours,Li Huayou can also make more Chinese friends.They will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.Try writing to me in Chinese next time.本课结束