1、英语句子成分英语句子成分及基本结构及基本结构（一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主要成分有主语和谓语主语和谓语；次要成分有次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。同位语。（二）（二）句子的具体成分句子的具体成分 主语主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充
2、当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。1Theroomisveryclean.（名词）（名词）2We oftenspeakEnglish.（代词）（代词）3Eightismyluckynumber.（数词）（数词）4To teach them English is my job.（动词不定式）（动词不定式）5Swimmingisgoodforourhealth.(动名词）动名词）6.Whatweneedisfood.（句子）（句子）7.Thepoorareeverywhereinsomecountries.(the+形容词形容词)找出下面句子的主语找出下面句子的主语1.Our school is no
3、t far from my home.2.To talk with you is a great pleasure 3.Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.4.Theyareourgoodfriends.5.Whathesaidwasright.6.EightisaluckynumberinChina.谓语谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明说明主语主语“做什么做什么”，“是什么是什么”，“怎么样怎么样”。谓。谓语语必须是动词必须是动词，体现时态和语态，体现时态和语态，一般放在
4、主语之一般放在主语之后。谓语后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词、复合谓语：由情态动词+动词原形动词原形或其他助动词加动词或其他助动词加动词某种形式某种形式构成。构成。如：如：HecanspeakEnglish.常见情态动词：can/could 能，可以，可能may/might 可以，可能need 需要must 必须，务必will/would 表意愿should 应该have to 不得不+动词原形动词原形作谓
5、语作谓语助动词：帮助构成时态和语态，不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。一般现在时态：does/do 一般过去时态：did 一般将来时态：will/shall 过去将来时态：would/should 现在完成时态：have/has 过去完成时态：had 现在进行时态：am/is/are 过去进行时态：was/were We always get up at seven.They are talking about something.He went to the park yesterday.The boy can play guitar very well.He doesnt
6、 like speaking Chinese.I have seen the film before.He didnt finish his homework last night.找出下列句子的谓语 1.We saw them playing football.2.Our teacher is telling us something.3.A blind man was walking slowly.4.Friends make my life full of excitement.5.Recently,we have developed the good habit.6.We must s
7、tudy English very hard.7.Our country will become stronger.8.The train had left by 10 last night.表语表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语表语用以说明主语是什么是什么或或怎么样怎么样，它，它一般位于一般位于系动词系动词之后之后，构成，构成主系表主系表结构结构，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。常见的系动词：1.表状态：be 2.表感官：look,sound,smell,taste,feel 3.表变化：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,fa
8、ll 4.表持续,保持：keep,remain,stay 5.表似乎,像：seem，appear1Iamateacher.（名词）（名词）2Iamten.（数数词）词）3Hebecamerichandsuccessful.（形（形容词）容词）4Everyoneishere.（副副词）词）5Theyareathomenow.（介词短语）介词短语）6MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.（不定式不定式）找出下列句子的表语 1.We are the master of our future.2.The old man felt very sad.3.Our country will b
9、ecome stronger 4.My father kept silent.5.Your words seemed right.6.The drink tastes quite wonderful.7.In spring the trees turn green.8.The boy is very clever.9.No one remains young forever.10.The girl has become skillful.11.It doesnt seem quite true.12.The idea sounds wonderful.宾语(object)宾语宾语：表示动作表示
10、动作所涉及所涉及的的对象对象，内容内容或或承承受受者者。宾语宾语动宾：动词+宾语介宾：介词+宾语例：read books like English The book is good for us.1Heisplayingthepiano.（名词）（名词）2Heoftenhelpsme.（代词）（代词）3HelikestowatchTV.(动词不定式）动词不定式）4HelikeswatchingTV.（动词（动词ing)5.Idontknowwhatheistalking.(句子）句子）找出下列句子的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all
11、 over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.宾语补足语宾语补足语 英语中英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把我们把“宾语宾语+宾语补足语
12、宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。的意思相当于一个句子的意思。1WecalledhimDongming.（名词）（名词）2Wesawhimplayingsoccer.（现在分词）（现在分词）3Wesawhimplaysoccer.(省省to不定式不定式)4Wefoundmathdifficult.（形容词形容词）5Mommakesmestudyallday.（省（省to不定式）不定式）找出句子中的宾语补足语找出句子中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in
13、 the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.定语定语 修饰修饰名词名词或或代词代词的词、短语为定语。的词、短语为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1 She is a beautiful city.（形容词）2 My beef noodles is here.(代词）（名词）3 The boy with gla
14、sses is my brother.(介词短语）4 I have something to say.(不定式）找出下列句子的定语 1.The black bike is mine.2.Whats your name?3.I have five books.4.They made paper flowers.5.The book in the room is Jack.6.It is a swimming pool.7.Do you know the sleeping boy.状语状语(adverbial)状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的的句子成分句子成分,说明说
15、明方式、因果、条件、时间方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比较较等等,可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词,不定式不定式,分词分词,介词短语介词短语,从句等从句等。1.Tomrunsquickly.2.Igetupatsixeveryday.3.Iplaysoccerverywell.4.Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.5.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.6.Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.找出下列句子的状语1.We arrive
16、d at Shanghai at six yesterday.2.She didnt go to the party because of the rain.3.Mr Smith lives in America.4.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.5.He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.6.I am taller than he is.同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students sho
17、uld study hard.We all are students.Carol,an American teacher,will come to our school.独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词肯定词yes 否定词否定词no 称呼语称呼语：mum,dad。插入语插入语：一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,may
18、be大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。1.简单句、并列句和复合句简单句、并列句和复合句 句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）3）祈使句 4）感叹句2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语 （或并列谓语）。1.He often reads English in the morning.2.Tom and Mike are American boys.3.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall new
19、spapers.2)并列句并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.1.You help him and he helps you.2.He wants to go there but I dont 3.Hurry up,or you will be late.4.This house belongs to Mr.Smith；It costs millions of dollars.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子 。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句、定语从句，状语从句状语从句等。1.The foreign vi
20、sitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.(状从）2.This is the book that I want.（定从）3.I think that he is right.(宾从）判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.My brother and I go to school at half past s
21、even in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.4.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.5.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.简单句复合句简单句并列句复合句下列句子哪些是正确的？为什么？1.I like English,my English is very good.2.I like English and my English is very good.3.As I like English,my Englis
22、h is very good.4.I have a house,its windows are very big.5.I have a house and its windows are very big.5.I have a house,whose windows are very big.简单句的五种基本句型 1主语主语+不及物动词：不及物动词：(主谓主谓)1Wework.2Shecamejustnow3Theywent.常见的不及物动词：常见的不及物动词：comegoworkwalkswimarrivestaylaughhappen2 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)系动词一 be动词类：a
23、m、is、are、was、were二二表示变化类：表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、三三感官动词类感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelseem1 Heisastudent2Thatsoundsgood.3Theappletastessweet4Theybecomerich.3主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾）1Henryboughtadictionary.2Mikeatethreecakes3Shedrewabeautifulpicture.4、主语主语+谓语（谓语（及物动词及物动词）+双宾语双宾语（间接宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）1Myfathe
24、rboughtmeacar.=Myfatherboughtacarforme2Hegavemethreeyuan.=Hegavethreeyuantome初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有：初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有：bring/send/give/take通常加通常加tosb.buy/make/cook/sing/draw通常加通常加forsb.5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）1Wemadethebabylaugh./happy.2Iheardhimsing.3Isawhimdance.4Ifoundthebookinteresting.5WecallhimTom.6HisfathernamedhimTom.（叫，（叫，称呼）称呼）属于宾语属于宾语+补足语的动词短语有补足语的动词短语有1wantsbtodosth2wouldlikesbtodosth3asksbtodosth4tellsbtodosth5wishsbtodosth6helpsbtodosth7let/make/havesbdosth8see/hear/watchsbdo/doingsth
