1、高中英语语法 ch.1 词类和句子成分1课前翻译：课前翻译：昨天我在车站遇到了我最好的昨天我在车站遇到了我最好的朋友汤姆。朋友汤姆。I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.什么是语法什么是语法？把把词词放在什么放在什么位置位置词性词性句子成分句子成分21.1.英语十大词类英语十大词类32.2.句子八大成分句子八大成分：口诀：句子是一家，八人来帮他。主谓宾表补，定状同位语。前五作主干，后三作修饰。定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。42.1 主语主语 定义：句子所要表达、描述的人或事物。定义：句子所要表达、描述的人或事物。eg.I a
2、m a Chinese student.John is my best friend.5注意：注意：1.在在倒装句、疑问句、感叹句倒装句、疑问句、感叹句中，句子主语可放在谓中，句子主语可放在谓语之后语之后 eg.Do you like it?2.在在祈使句祈使句中，主语中，主语you常常省略。常常省略。eg.Dont move.2.1 主语主语6Our English Teacher help us learn English.（_作主语）作主语）I love you.（_作主语）作主语）Four plus four is eight.（_作主语作主语）The young should res
3、pect the old.（_作主语作主语）To see is to believe.（_作主语）作主语）Studying English is very important.（_作主语）作主语）That John is honest is true./Where she lives remains a mystery.（_作主语）作主语）It is no use studying this book.（_作作_主语）主语）How to learn English well troubles me.（_作主语）作主语）2.1 主语主语名词名词代词代词数词数词the+形容词形容词动词不定式动词不
4、定式动名词动名词从句从句It形式形式特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+动词不定式动词不定式7a)That she was chosen made a great stir(轰动轰动)in her school.b)It was a pity that you shouldnt go to see the film.c)What he wants to tell us is not clear.练习：找出下列句中的主语练习：找出下列句中的主语2.1 主语主语82.2 谓语谓语 定义：谓语是用来说明主语做了什么定义：谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作动作或或处在什么处在什么状态状态。谓语可以由。谓语可以由动词动词
5、来担任来担任,一般一般放在主语的后面。放在主语的后面。9分类分类 简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成：由一个动词或动词短语构成 复合谓语复合谓语：情态动词情态动词或其他或其他助动词助动词+动词原形动词原形 基本助动词基本助动词be、do、have 由由系动词加表语系动词加表语构成构成 I am a student.I am beautiful.He likes reading.I can swim.She has finished the homework.I dont like apples.2.2 谓语谓语10a)We come.b)The sun rose.c)Tired and
6、 hungry,we arrived home with nothing to eat.d)I have finished my homework so I can play now.e)Knowing his disadvantages,I can defeat him easily.f)I am reading a book now.练习：找出下列句中的谓语练习：找出下列句中的谓语2.2 谓语谓语112.3 宾语宾语 定义：宾语是动作的定义：宾语是动作的对象对象或或承受者承受者，常位于，常位于及物动词及物动词或或介词后面介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容
7、词、不定式、动名词、宾数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。语从句等来担任。12a)I like my job.b)I love you.c)He wanted to leave here.d)They enjoyed playing computer games.e)He asked where he was.f)The new medicine makes it possible to treat this terrible disease.作宾语的成分作宾语的成分名词名词代词（宾格）代词（宾格）动词不定式动词不定式动名词动名词从句从句it作形式宾语作形式宾语2.3 宾语
8、宾语13单宾语：一个宾语单宾语：一个宾语双宾语：间接宾语双宾语：间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语复合宾语：（宾语复合宾语：（宾语+宾补）宾补）宾语宾语的分的分类类1.I like English.2.I am writing a letter.1.He gave me(间宾间宾)a letter(直宾直宾).2.I will email you(间宾间宾)my training plan(直宾直宾)1.Tom made the girl(宾语宾语)cry(宾补宾补).2.We consider him(宾语宾语)a good teacher(宾补宾补).2.3 宾语宾语141.He enjoys r
9、eading.2.What he said does not matter.3.He said“Good morning.”4.I showed him my pictures.5.He admits that he was mistaken.练习：找出下列句中的宾语练习：找出下列句中的宾语间宾间宾直宾直宾宾语从句宾语从句2.3 宾语宾语15定义：位于宾语之后定义：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明对宾语作出说明的成分。的成分。在英语中有些在英语中有些及物动词及物动词，接了宾语意义仍，接了宾语意义仍不完整不完整还需要有还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语补充说明宾语的的意义
10、、状态意义、状态等，简称等，简称宾补宾补。2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补）16a)I found the book interesting.b)Do you hear Tom singing?c)He made himself understood.d)She asked me to lend her a hand.e)Please make yourself at home.f)Please keep the dog out.g)We must keep it a secret.作宾语补足语的成分作宾语补足语的成分形容词形容词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词不定式动词不定式介
11、词短语介词短语副词副词名词名词2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补）17The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.练习：找出下列句中的宾语补足语练习：找出下列句中的宾语补足语2.4 宾语补足语（宾补）宾语补足语（宾补）18定义：又叫主语补足语定义：又叫主语补足语。用于说明主语的用于说明主语的身份身份
12、、特征特征或或状态状态。一般位于一般位于系动词之后。系动词之后。2.5 表语表语19系动词：也称联系动词。系动词：也称联系动词。是用来是用来辅助主语辅助主语的动词。的动词。本身有词义，但本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语不能单独用作谓语，其后必须其后必须跟表语跟表语，构成系表结构说，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。状态系动词：状态系动词：be持续系动词：持续系动词：keep,remain,stay,lie,stand表像系动词：表像系动词：seem,appear,look 看起来像看起来像感官系动词：感官系动词：feel,smell,sound,tas
13、te变化系动词：变化系动词：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.终止系动词：终止系动词：prove,turn out,表达表达证实证实，变成变成2.5 表语表语20I am a studentIts hers.Time is precious.The war was over.Five plus two is seven.They seem to know the truthMy hobby is reading.作表语的成分作表语的成分名词名词名词性代词名词性代词 形容词形容词副词副词数词数词不定式不定式动名词动名词2.5 表语表语21He is ou
14、t of condition.The book is what I need.作表语的成分作表语的成分介词短语介词短语从句从句2.5 表语表语221.The reason was that he missed the train.2.It looks as if it is going to rain.3.He fell in love.4.They seem to know the truth.5.The apple tastes good.练习：找出下列句中的表语练习：找出下列句中的表语2.5 表语表语23定义：定义：修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语、从句修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语、从句
15、位置：位置：前置：单独的单词放在所修饰名词或代词前。前置：单独的单词放在所修饰名词或代词前。后置：短语或从句作定语时，放在所修饰名词或代词后后置：短语或从句作定语时，放在所修饰名词或代词后2.6 定语定语24He is a clever boy.The boy there is my friend.They are building a stone bridge.There are 54 students in our class.Do you known Bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.作定语的成分作定语的成分形容词形容词副词副词 名词
16、名词数词数词名词名词所有格所有格动名词动名词2.6 定语定语25There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.Do you know the man who spoke just now?作定语的成分作定语的成分现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词 从句从句2.6 定语定语261.The boy in the classroom needs a pen.2.The boy needs a blue pen3.The boy needs a ball pen.4.The boy there needs a pen.5.The
17、boy needs a pen to write with.练习：找出下列句中的定语练习：找出下列句中的定语2.6 定语定语276.The smiling boy needs a pen.7.The boy needs the pen bought by his mother.8.The boy who is crying needs a pen.9.What is your given name?练习：找出下列句中的定语练习：找出下列句中的定语2.6 定语定语28定义：用于修饰形容词定义：用于修饰形容词,副词副词,动词动词,介词短语或句子介词短语或句子。说明动作或状态特征说明动作或状态特征的
18、句子成分的句子成分 表示时间表示时间,地点地点,原因原因,结果结果,目的目的,方式方式,伴随伴随,条件条件 ,程度程度,让步让步,频率等频率等.2.7 状语状语29He plays basketball well.This book is very interesting.I will be back in a while.I waited to see you.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.He was late because he got up late.作状语的成分作状语的成分副词副词介词短语介词短语 动词不定式动词不定式分词分词从句从句
19、2.7 状语状语副词副词30顺序顺序：一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：一般是：方式方式地点地点时间时间。如：如：He worked He worked hardhard at his lessonsat his lessons last yearlast year.I found a lost pen I found a lost pen outside our schooloutside our school yesterday yesterday morningmorning.2.7 状语状语31写作专练写作专练1.正确安排并列状
20、语的顺序正确安排并列状语的顺序1）那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（）那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework,in the classroom,carefully,at the moment）2）我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。）我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。（plant lots of trees,in the schoolyard）3）他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。）他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well,speech contest）321）那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（）那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do
21、his homework,in the classroom,carefully,at the moment）At that moment,he was doing his homework carefully in the classroom.2）我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。）我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。（plant lots of trees,in the schoolyard）We planted lots of trees in the schoolyard last Sunday.333）他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。）他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform
22、 incredibly well,speech contest）He performed incredibly well in the speech contest yesterday.34频度副词频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在等在句中的位置句中的位置位于位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后情态动词、系动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.35
23、写作专练写作专练2 注意频度副词的位置注意频度副词的位置1.我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will,forget,what he told me,never）2.我经常去那家超市。（我经常去那家超市。（frequently,the supermarket）3.他总是帮助别人。（他总是帮助别人。（help others,always）361.我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will,forget,what he told me,never）2.我经常去那家超市。（我经常去那家超市。（frequently,the superm
24、arket）I will never forget what he told me that day.I frequently go to the supermarket.373.他总是帮助别人。（他总是帮助别人。（help others,always）He is always helping others.38状语按意义分类：状语按意义分类：在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多
25、，可以表示表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步式和让步.39指出下列划线部分属于什么状语指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1.How about meeting again at six?2.Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.3.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.4.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.5.She came in with a dict
26、ionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语方式状方式状语语方式状语方式状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语408.The boy needs a pen very much.9.The boy really needs a pen.10.He was so tired that he fell as
27、leep immediately.11.She works very hard though she is old.12.I am taller than he is.13.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.14.On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.15.Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.程度程度程度程度结果状语结果状语让步状让步状语语比较状语比较状语条件状语条件状语时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语41定义：定义：当两
28、个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一一个句子成分用来个句子成分用来说明和解释说明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分,这个句子这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分就叫做它的同位语。同位语是同位语是对前面出现的名词的具体内容进一步的说对前面出现的名词的具体内容进一步的说明明。2.8 同位语同位语42We students should study hard.We all are students.You three take these seats.People,old and young,took to the streets to watch the
29、parade.He followed the order to walk along the street.作同位语的成分作同位语的成分名词名词代词代词 数词数词形容词形容词动词不定式动词不定式2.8 同位语同位语43His only interest,travelling around,has brought him a lot of friends.The news that our team has won the match is true.作同位语的成分作同位语的成分动名词动名词从句从句2.8 同位语同位语441.The suggestion that the students sh
30、ould have plenty of exercise is very good.2.He,my brother,is an actor.3.Tom,a ten-year-old boy,is my only friend.4.We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.练习：找出下列句中的同位语练习：找出下列句中的同位语2.8 同位语同位语45主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语表语表语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语句子成分句子成分2.9 总结：句子成分总结：句子成分46I met my best friend Tom at the st
31、ation yesterday.谓语谓语主语主语定语定语宾语宾语同位语同位语状语状语每个部分在句中充当什么成分？每个部分在句中充当什么成分？谓语动作谓语动作发出者发出者主语动作主语动作或主语的或主语的特征和状特征和状态态谓语动词谓语动词的对象或的对象或承受者承受者修饰或限定修饰或限定名词或代词名词或代词对前面出现的名词的对前面出现的名词的具体内容进一步的说具体内容进一步的说明明说明动作或状态特征说明动作或状态特征471.改正下列句子的改错。改正下列句子的改错。Do exercise everyday is good for your health.That what he said isnt
32、true.He came late made his teacher angry.On the desk is two books.Go to a key college is my dream.第二部分第二部分 专题过关测试专题过关测试His coming lateareTo goDoing What 482.用用 划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的结构充当的There is nothing to do today.The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother.There ar
33、e five boys left.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.He is not a man easy to deal with.A typhoon swept across the area with heavy rains and winds as strong as 113 miles per hou
34、r.Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.There is only one program worth watching today.492.用用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的性或结构充当的There is nothing to do today.The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother.There are five boys
35、left.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.不定式不定式过去分词短语过去分词短语形容词形容词不定式短不定式短语语形容词形容词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词50The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.He is not a man easy to deal with.A typhoon swept across the area with heavy
36、rains and winds as strong as 113 miles per hour.Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.There is only one program worth watching today.形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语形容词短语数词数词数词数词形容词形容词形容词形容词513.用横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直用横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直接宾语。接宾语。I w
37、ill bring you the book when I come next time.He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.She showed us many of her pictures.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.524.分析下列句子成分，分析下列句子成分，体会宾语与宾补之间的体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。逻辑关系
38、，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。She found it difficult to do the work.They made him monitor of the class.They pushed the door open.Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground.The old man asked us to sit down.He noticed a man enter the room.By speaking slowly,he made himself understood.We want these trees planted
39、 soon.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.I left the bag lying on the ground.53She found it difficult to do the work.They made him monitor of the class.They pushed the door open.Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground.The old man asked us to sit down.形容词形容词名词名词形容词形容词现在分词短语现在分词短语不定式不定式54He noticed a man enter the room.By speaking slowly,he made himself understood.We want these trees planted soon.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.I left the bag lying on the ground.不带不带toto的不定式的不定式过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词现在分词短语现在分词短语55
