1、大纲要求n第四部分:翻译(第四部分:翻译(Part IV Translation),共共10题,题,考试时间为考试时间为20分钟。这一部分包括两节。分钟。这一部分包括两节。nA节(节(Section A)为英语译汉语,有)为英语译汉语,有5题,要题,要求将阅读理解材料中标号的求将阅读理解材料中标号的5个画线句子译成个画线句子译成汉语。本节测试目的是检查学生对常用句型汉语。本节测试目的是检查学生对常用句型和词语的综合理解和运用能力。和词语的综合理解和运用能力。nB节(节(Section B)为汉译英,给出)为汉译英,给出5个单句或个单句或包含包含5个句子的短文。本节的测试目的是检查个句子的短文。
2、本节的测试目的是检查考生实际运用语言的综合能力。考生实际运用语言的综合能力。第一讲n n 翻译实践技巧(一)一、翻译的定义n翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。n如果把写作比作成自由舞蹈,翻译就是戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞,而且还要跳的优美。二、翻译的标准n1.1898年 严复“信,达,雅”-忠实于原著,译文流畅,文字典雅。n2.1964年 钱钟书“化境”说-原作向译文的投胎转世。n3.“忠实”与“通顺”三、翻译的要求n1.深厚的语言功底英语和汉语n1.1 语法意识n1.2 惯用语意识翻译技巧做好翻译的关键在于了解英汉两种语言做好翻译的关键
3、在于了解英汉两种语言的差异,把握两种语言不同用语习惯,的差异,把握两种语言不同用语习惯,按照按照“忠实忠实”,“通顺通顺”两大原则,是译文两大原则,是译文尽可能多的反映原文信息。英汉两种语尽可能多的反映原文信息。英汉两种语言在结构上存在较大差异。应注意以下言在结构上存在较大差异。应注意以下几点:几点:四、英汉语言对比n汉语:主体+行为标志+行为+行为客体n S +Ad.+V +O(C)n英语:主体+行为+行为客体+行为标志n S+V +O(C)+Ad.nI have not seen him for over 30 years.n我30多年来一直没有见过他。n汉语把修饰语放在主体前,故重心在前
4、;英语句子重心放在句末,即把较长的较复杂的成分放在后面。n你们班家住在乡下的同学有多少?nHow many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?n汉语的信息重心后置,即把要强调的内容放在后面表达;英语的把主要的信息放在前面先说。n我原打算今年一月访问中国,后来不得不推迟了。nI had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.n他5岁生了一场病,变成了聋子。nHe became a deaf af
5、ter an attack of illness at 5.n4.”天人合一”与“自我中心”n我的身体很健康。nI am in good health.n我的法语看报很吃力。nI read newspapers in French with great difficulty.n英语表态在前,叙事在后;观点在前,事实在后。汉语正好相反。n收到你们的消息,我很愉快。nI am very happy to receive your message.n英语常用非生物性词作主语,汉语则用人或生物性的词。n他一想到要返回心里就害怕。nThe thought of returning filled him
6、with fear.n英语注重逻辑性,强调主谓配套,时态呼应,成分定位,有形连接。汉语不太注重逻辑,成流水状。n谁都知道,西北地区是艰苦些。nEveryone knows life in the north-west of china is harder.注意事项n英语信息重点在前,汉语信英语信息重点在前,汉语信息重点在后。息重点在后。nYou will lose your chance if you dont take action right now.如果不马上采取行动,如果不马上采取行动,你就会坐失良机。你就会坐失良机。n英语多用复合长句。,汉语英语多用复合长句。,汉语多用简单短句。多用
7、简单短句。nChilly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets.阵阵阵阵寒风,带着雨意,街上冷冷寒风,带着雨意,街上冷冷清清,几乎没有什么行人了清清,几乎没有什么行人了n英语多被动,汉语多主动英语多被动,汉语多主动nHe was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.当地政府要求他在医院创建当地政府要求他在医院创建一个创伤医疗中心。一个创伤医疗中心。n英语属静态语言,汉语属动英语属静态
8、语言,汉语属动态语言态语言nThat would be the confirmation that it was in general use.这证明它的使用这证明它的使用是十分普遍的。是十分普遍的。英译汉将英语译为汉语,需要注意两个层将英语译为汉语,需要注意两个层面,一个词汇,一个句法。另外,面,一个词汇,一个句法。另外,句法中着重于从句。句法中着重于从句。词汇的翻译n词义选择。根据上下文关系和自身搭配,选择正确的词义选择。根据上下文关系和自身搭配,选择正确的词义。词义。It is quite another story now.现在的情况完全现在的情况完全不同了。不同了。This stor
9、y is very interesting.这个故事很这个故事很有趣。有趣。The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争将成为这代人生命中最这场战争将成为这代人生命中最重大的事件了。重大的事件了。n词义的引申词义的引申 delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤娇嫩的皮肤 delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器精致的瓷器 delicate health 虚弱的健康虚弱的健康 delicate living 奢侈的生活奢侈的生活 delicate stomach容易吃坏容易吃坏的胃的胃 n词义的褒贬
10、词义的褒贬 注意感情色彩。注意感情色彩。My brothers ambition is becoming a pilot.Hitlers ambition is to conquest the world.n词义的转换词义的转换 英语在表达上多用名词,英语在表达上多用名词,形容词,介词,而汉语多用动词,副词形容词,介词,而汉语多用动词,副词 The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看到他,我就感到紧张。一看到他,我就感到紧张。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.学习中必须进行独立学习
11、中必须进行独立思考。(思考。(2008.59)n增词法增词法 They say her father was a worker in the small company.Maybe he was as poor as us.听人说,以前听人说,以前她的父亲在一个小工厂里当工人。他那时也许和我们她的父亲在一个小工厂里当工人。他那时也许和我们现在一样穷。现在一样穷。n减词法减词法 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他双手插进口袋,然后耸了他双手插进口袋,然后耸了耸肩。耸肩。句法翻译n调整语序调整语序
12、常常需要把英文中位于主要常常需要把英文中位于主要信息之后的次要信息前移。定语前移信息之后的次要信息前移。定语前移 This is the best solution imaginable.这这是能想到的最好解决办法。是能想到的最好解决办法。状语前移状语前移 He had to quit the position and went to exile,having been deprived of his power.他被剥夺了权力,只好离职,流落他乡。他被剥夺了权力,只好离职,流落他乡。n拆分法拆分法 They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们没有答复,这完
13、全是意料他们没有答复,这完全是意料之中的事。之中的事。n融合法融合法 We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe.我们期待有一天我们期待有一天科学家们能揭开更多宇宙奥秘。科学家们能揭开更多宇宙奥秘。被动语态n译成汉语主动句译成汉语主动句 On the contrary,both their knowledge and experience are enriched.相反,他们的相反,他们的知识和经验更丰富了。知识和经验更丰富了。By the end of the
14、 war more than 2000 people had been saved by the organization.到战争结束时,这个组织拯救了到战争结束时,这个组织拯救了2000多人的生命。多人的生命。To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched into the space again and again.为了探测月球表面,为了探测月球表面,人们不断向太空发射火箭。人们不断向太空发射火箭。(2007.56)n译成汉语无主句,主要用于翻译被动句译成汉语无主句,主要用于翻译被动句 The use of satellite make
15、s it possible to observe the universe much better.利用卫星能够更好地观察宇宙。利用卫星能够更好地观察宇宙。n借助借助“被,由,让,为,遭,加,予以,被,由,让,为,遭,加,予以,为为 所所”等词译为汉语被动句等词译为汉语被动句 Nuclear power has been known to the scientist for a long time.核能为科学家们所认识核能为科学家们所认识已经有很长时间了。已经有很长时间了。n译成汉语判断句译成汉语判断句 In addition,not all the technology is based o
16、n science.另外,并另外,并不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的。不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的。肯定与否定n有些词汇本身带有否定意味,例如;有些词汇本身带有否定意味,例如;avoid,before,beyond,deny,escape.It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签订这种他无权签订这种合同。合同。(2001.65)n部分否定结构翻译为肯定更符合英语习惯。部分否定结构翻译为肯定更符合英语习惯。Dont lose time in posting this lettern双重否定双重否定 Its significanc
17、e and importance can never be overemphasized.关于这一点的意义和关于这一点的意义和重要性,怎么强点也不为过。重要性,怎么强点也不为过。n特殊结构特殊结构 All that glitters is not gold.发发光的不都是金子。光的不都是金子。(2003.65)nNobody is admitted without permission.未经允许,任何人不得入内。未经允许,任何人不得入内。主语从句n主语从句包含的信息为重要信息,位于句首。主语从句包含的信息为重要信息,位于句首。What he told me was only half-trut
18、h.他告诉我他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。(的只是半真半假的东西而已。(2008.58)n 形式主语形式主语It 与与accept,agree,argue,claim,report,say,suggest等等动词连用,一般增补主语,或译为无主句。动词连用,一般增补主语,或译为无主句。nIt is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determined his character and later personality.人们普遍认为,孩子早人们普遍认为,孩子早年的
19、经历很大程度上决定了他们的性格年的经历很大程度上决定了他们的性格和未来的人品例如(和未来的人品例如(2008.57;2008.60;2008.64)。)。宾语和表语从句一般直译一般直译I understand that he is well qualified,but I feel that he needs more experience.我知我知道他很符合条件,但是我觉得他还需经道他很符合条件,但是我觉得他还需经验。(验。(2008.62)事物并不总是如其表象事物并不总是如其表象 Things are not always as they seem to be.(2008.63)同位语从句
20、n同位语从句修饰的同位语从句修饰的名词例如:名词例如:hope,idea suggestion,statement(例如(例如2008.60)n一般直译一般直译 nShe had no idea why she thought of him suddenly.她不明白她不明白自己为什么突然想自己为什么突然想起他来。起他来。定语从句n前置前置 Pollution is a pressing problem(which we must deal with right now).污染是我们污染是我们现在就必须解决的现在就必须解决的一个迫切问题。一个迫切问题。(2007.60;2008.56)n后置,
21、定语太长时后置,定语太长时 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle 是他是他接到那封信,说你接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了的叔叔去世了(2007.65)。)。状语从句n一般包括时间,地点,原因,条件,让步,一般包括时间,地点,原因,条件,让步,目的,结果。英译汉时多放于句首,结果状目的,结果。英译汉时多放于句首,结果状语除外。语除外。nNow that all of us are here,lets start our meeting.既然大家都到了,我们开始开会吧既然大家都到了,我们开始开会
22、吧 。nShe sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.她坐在我身后,我看她坐在我身后,我看不到她的表情。不到她的表情。汉译英方法与技巧n汉语的句法特征:n主语由诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主句情况时常可见;谓语成分复杂,不受主语支配,无人称、数、时态的变化。句子与句子之间多无明显的逻辑关系连接。n英语句法特征:n主语突出,只能由名词或相当于名词性的词语担任;谓语绝对受主语的支配,人称和数上必须主谓一致,有时态、语态和语气的变化;句子与句子之间多以连接词相联。牢记!n英语是主语显著语言,英语句
23、子构建在主谓轴上。因此选择确定主语和谓语是成功构句的关键。主语的确定n我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。nOur house was built over a hunderd years ago.n可以是句子中其他词语,也可以是句外词语。n他的身材魁梧,长着一副大长方脸。nHe was a gaint of a man with a long square face.n人不可貌相。nIt is impossible to judge people from their appearance.n用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动。nYou realize your ideals throug
24、h labour and you guide your labour by ideals.谓语的确定n选择谓语时必须考虑英语句法规范,遵循“主谓一致”原则,保证谓语和主语在人称和数上一致,动词时态、语态正确。鉴于此,强化语法意识,增强句法观念至关重要。n旅途中的情景很多,在此就不一一描写了。nMy experiences of this trip are too numerous to be described one by one.语序的调整n1.状语的位置:灵活,一般按照n动词-方式-地点-时间 的顺序。n他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。nHe reads hard in the library
25、 every evening.n单词作定语放在中心词前,较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后。n举世闻名的万里长城nThe world famous Great Walln山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。nQufu,Shandong Provience,is the birthplace of Confucious,a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.句间语序n1.S+V+O,and/but S+V+On2.引导词+从句+主句 或者n主句+引导词+从句否定句的翻译n英语中的否定手段:n1.词汇手段 no/not/n
26、ever/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/否定前缀或后缀/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short/out of/beyond/without/above/except/before/unless/other thannMorethan/other than/rather than/know better than/tooto 方法n注意否定转移情况n我认为他不够格。nI dont think he is qualified.n人民军队离不开人民,就像鱼儿离不开水一样。nThe peop
27、le is to the peoples army what water is to fish.n他无可指责。nHe is above blame.n他考试不及格。nHe failed to pass the exam.n直到.才n直到考完试我才能去看你。nNot until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit to you.常见方法nvisit you.假如你不来,我就去看你。假如你不来,我就去看你。n改译法改译法 他提醒我们要注意身体他提醒我们要注意身体 He warned us to take care of ourselves。n增译法
28、增译法 不知你是否完成了任务。不知你是否完成了任务。I wonder whether you have finished your task.许多商店开展许多商店开展买一赠一买一赠一的活动。的活动。Many departments provide service of“Buy One Get One Free”对应法对应法 If you dont come here,I will go ton省译法省译法 你们需要的是快速进步,而不是慢慢你们需要的是快速进步,而不是慢慢的进步。的进步。You need rapid progress,not slow.n调整顺序调整顺序 我能在这儿坐一会吗?我能
29、在这儿坐一会吗?Can I sit here for a while 好的建议,谁来提都无所谓。好的建议,谁来提都无所谓。If the suggestion is advisable,it does not matter who gives it.不管晴天阴天,比赛准不管晴天阴天,比赛准时进行。时进行。Rain or shine,the match will go on time.转换语态和正反对译n这座桥将在今年年这座桥将在今年年底建成。底建成。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.我
30、还没来得及拦住她,她我还没来得及拦住她,她就向大家宣布了这个消就向大家宣布了这个消息。息。Before I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone.当时当时女孩子没有受教育的机女孩子没有受教育的机会。会。Girls were denied the chance to education at that time.常用的句型nNotuntil.句型句型 n 1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。2.Tom did not
31、watch TV until he finished his homework.(2003.68)n3.It was not until in my thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away makes life so much more exciting.直到将近不惑之年,我才如梦方醒,直到将近不惑之年,我才如梦方醒,意识到奉献社会使我们的生活更加灿烂。(模拟意识到奉献社会使我们的生活更加灿烂。(模拟1.58)n4.Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did
32、 the human beings learn to prevent the disease from spreading.直到二十世纪初,人类才学会防治疾病的直到二十世纪初,人类才学会防治疾病的传播传播。It is reported/said/estimated that nIt is reported that foreign insurance companies has entered into nineteen Chinese cities so far.(2007.59)=made their way据报道,迄据报道,迄今为止,外国保险公司已打入中国今为止,外国保险公司已打入中国1
33、9个城市个城市。n据估计,已经有据估计,已经有100多万人从这个工程中受益。多万人从这个工程中受益。Its estimated that more than 1 million people had been benefited from this project.(2005.76)It is necessary/important for sb to do sthn我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的文化差异。文化差异。It is necessary for us to learn/know some differences between some Engl
34、ish speaking countries and China.(2002.70)n大学生学好英语很重要。大学生学好英语很重要。It is important for university students to learn English well.(2003.66)比较级n你练得越刻苦,你取得的进步就越大。你练得越刻苦,你取得的进步就越大。The harder you practice,the greater progress you will make.(2003.70)n他在各方面都比我好他在各方面都比我好 He is much better than I in every aspe
35、ct.nThis year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last year.他他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多(们今年的业务进展比去年大得多(2008.56)nThe people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a house.对于同对于同一所房子,人们将要支付的是往常支付钱数一所房子,人们将要支付的是往常支付钱数的两三倍之多。的两三倍之多。2007.57(倍数)(倍数)Be likely to
36、 and not.but.nThe words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be needed by every person.(2007.56)本词典词条所列,都是每个本词典词条所列,都是每个人极可能用得上的单词和词组。人极可能用得上的单词和词组。n如果你想获得成功,除了努力工作以外别无如果你想获得成功,除了努力工作以外别无选择。选择。There is no other choices but hard-working if you want to be successful(2005.7
37、7)It seems thatand in spite of.nIt seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have been in different worlds.看起来很奇看起来很奇怪的是,在过去的怪的是,在过去的十年里,麦克和我十年里,麦克和我可能恰好在不同的可能恰好在不同的世界里。(世界里。(2008.57)nIn spite of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation of th
38、e world.尽管意见尽管意见有分歧,我们对维有分歧,我们对维护世界和平有着共护世界和平有着共同的利益。同的利益。Although,but and depend onn尽管警察怀疑这名尽管警察怀疑这名年轻人,但没有足年轻人,但没有足够证据证明他就是够证据证明他就是犯罪。犯罪。)n使我们自己的所为和所使我们自己的所为和所不为决定着我们的未来。不为决定着我们的未来。Our future depends on what we ourselves should do or not do.(2007.61)n我们能否出行取决于天我们能否出行取决于天气。气。Our trip is dependent o
39、n the weather.(depends on)(模拟模拟1.64)So.thatand sb have the/no little chance of/there is little chance of n汤姆筋疲力尽,看汤姆筋疲力尽,看着书竟睡着了。着书竟睡着了。Tom was so worn out that he fell asleep while reading a book.nHe has no chance of passing the examination.He never goes his lesson.他绝没有他绝没有及格的可能,因为他从及格的可能,因为他从来不复习功
40、课。来不复习功课。There is little chance of our coming to business because of the big differences between our price.由于双方价格悬由于双方价格悬殊,我们恐怕很难达成殊,我们恐怕很难达成协议。协议。Scarcely/hardlywhenand sb wondernHe had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read.他把信一交给他把信一交给我,就叫我念给他我,就叫我念给他听。(听。(2002.61)n我想知道他是否能我想知道他是否
41、能看英文小说看英文小说 I wonder whether he can read English novel well.(2002.67)应试技巧n书写工整n不要犯低级错误,例如;首字母大写,简单词不要错,性别正确试题特点n结构简单n题材很广n重点词汇n语言的运用能力基本方法n句子顺序调整n分译n合译2009年试题n71.He never went outside;but he was sick of staying home and wanted to go out for oncen他从来没出去过,他从来没出去过,但他厌倦了呆在家但他厌倦了呆在家里,想出去一次透里,想出去一次透透气。透气。
42、n73.In the United States,elementary and middle schools are advised to give students two and a half hours of physical activity a week.n在美国,人们建议小在美国,人们建议小学和中学给学生两个学和中学给学生两个半小时的体育时间。半小时的体育时间。n75.处理这些问题全凭经验nIt all depends on experiences to deal with these problems.n77.请你帮我在纽约预定一个四星级宾馆的房间好吗?nCould you pl
43、ease help me to book a room in a four-star hotel in New York?n。nThere have been a trade relationship between us two countries for 10 years.nThe complete set of equipment can be fixed within several hours.n80.我们的实验现在已经到了最我们的实验现在已经到了最后也是最重要的一个阶段。后也是最重要的一个阶段。nOur experiment has come to the last and the most important stage.Where there is a will,there is a way!Good luck!谢谢观赏!2020/11/580