1、introduction1.Establish the topic2.Literature review3.Investigation needs(Gap)4.Purpose of the research 5.Value of the research(optional)6.Outline of the research(optional)Definition&functionStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsChronological orderMethod
2、ological orderThematic orderHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionDefinitionDefinitionPurposePurposeFunctionFunctionPositionPositionLengthLengthnamenameStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organiz
3、e the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionDefinition:What is a literature review a literature review surveys scholarly articles,books and other sources(e.g.dissertations,conference proceedings)relevant to a particu
4、lar issue,area of research,or theory(来源）Provide a description,summary,and critical evaluation of each work.（作法）Purpose:offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.（目的）Purpose:Why do you need to review the literature for your thesis?Literature reviewTo justify your choice of rese
5、arch question To establish the importance of the topicTo provide background information needed to understand the studyTo show you are familiar with significant,up-to-date research relevant to the topicTo establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your fie
6、ldFunction:of a review of the literature Literature review functions toPlace each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under reviewDescribe the relationship of each work to the others under considerationIdentify new ways to interpret,and shed light on any gaps
7、in,previous researchPoint the way forward for further researchPlace ones original work in the context of existing literaturePosition:Where to find literature review?Practice:Study the samples-Within the Introduction section,part of a introduction(our focus).-separate section,following the Introducti
8、on.-separate section,end of the paper.-literature review as a paper.4 positionsLength of a literature review they constitute a section of the paper.Several sentencesOne or two paragraphsA complete chapter（章节）for doctors degreeSometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself.Different na
9、mes for literature review:Literature reviewRelated workBackgroundDefinition&functionStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionpractice:Read the
10、 sample,and decide1)the location of literature review,2)how can you divide the structure of a literature review?1)There has been extensive research on modeling of laser material processing,including a number of studies focused on laser drilling.generalized statement Transitional sentence,from topic
11、to literature reviewIt would thus appear that there have been no publications in the open literature detailing full three-dimensional modelling of the laser drilling of(anisotropic)fibre composite materials,with or without relative beam-specimen motion during irradiation.Conclusion:move from literat
12、ure review to gapStructure of a literature reviewConclusions/Recommendations:Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature/towards gap Body:your discussion of sources Introduction:Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review/overview,transitional sentence from topic Structure of
13、a literature reviewConclusions/Recommendations:Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature/move to gap Body:your discussion of sources Introduction:Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review/overview,transitional sentence from topic Definition&functionStructure interpretation
14、Literature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each w
15、orkHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseOrganising the bodyCommon text structures(a single passage):Problem and solutionCause and effectComparison and contrastAdvantages and disadvantagesOrder and sequenceDefinition and classification4.1 Organizing the body
16、 Is there any typical patterns in the organization of a literature review?practice:Study example 1,and decide which approach is used4.1 Analysis on example 1example 1:structured chronologicallychronologically,ChronologicalChronological:According to when the reviews were published.E.g:history of engi
17、neeringProblem:just a timeline,no synthesisChronologicalChronological:-By publication:only if the order demonstrates a more important trend.E.g:development of situational approach-By trend:to exam the sources under different trend E.g:criteria of speech communityA better way Example2:Free generalize
18、d thermoelastic waves have been considered in isotropic media by Puri(1973;1975),Agarwal(1979),and Tao and Prevost(1984).The interaction of generalized thermoelastic waves with anisotropic media was studied by Banerjee and Pao(1974),and Sharma et al.(1986;1989)Guided waves were considered by several
19、 researchers.Nayfeh and Nemat(1971),Sinha(1975)studied thermoelastic Rayleigh waves.Harinath et al.(1976)studied Stonely-type waves.Mondal et al.(1973),Massalas(1986)considered the propagation of generalized thermoelastic waves in thin plates.Erby and Sunhubi(1986)studied the problem of longitudinal
20、 waves in a circular rod.In contrast,little work has been conducted on thermoelastic waves in layered/or composite media.Sve(1971)used the classical theory of thermoelasticity treat obliquely travelling waves in a bilaminated isotropic medium.His analysis was conducted by using potential functions.T
21、he results were given in the form of an exact dispersion relation resulting from the vanishing of a selfthorder determinant.4.1 Analysis on example2A methodological methodological approach the focusing factor usually does not have to do with the content of the material.Instead,it focuses on the“meth
22、ods”of the researcher or writer.Methodological orderFree generalized thermo elastic wavesGuided wavesIn example2,the studies are divided into 2 categories1.Free generalized thermo elastic waves2.Guided wavesIn each category,chronological orderchronological order is adopted respectively.Thus,a combin
23、ationcombination of different approach is common.Chronological order within Methodological ordermaterial on HEV(hybrid electric vehicle):cultural,social,technological issues.Hybrid electric vehicleCultural issuesTechnological issuesSocial issuesThematicThematic:Reviews are organized around a topic o
24、r issue,rather than progression of time.Progression of time still important factor;More authentic thematic approach:break away from chronological order;Difference between“chronological”and“thematic”:what is emphasized the most.E.g:the development of HEV HEV technologySummary organizing the bodyChron
25、ologicalChronological-By publication-By trendThematicThematic-A structure which considers different themesMethodologicalMethodological-Focuses on the methods of the researcher,4.1 Organizing the bodypractice:Study the sample and decide 1.how many pieces of literature are reviewed?2.which approach(es
26、)/order is used 3.draw a chart to indicate their relationships if you can.Practice:sample4)Early work by Chan and Mazumder 2 involved a one-dimensional steady state finite difference method(FDM)model of laser-specimen interactions.7)A number of models have been developed based on the finite element
27、method(FEM).14)A one-dimensional FDM model was developed by Boley and Early 7,oriented towards the effects of the plasma state on the heat transfer.different methods/approach4)Early work by Chan and Mazumder 2 involved a one-dimensional steady state finite difference method(FDM)model of laser-specim
28、en interactions.Semi-empirical relationships.have been given by von Allman 3.A more rigorous treatment of melt expulsion has been presented recently by Ganesh et al.4 Different trend A number of models have been developed based on the finite element method(FEM).8)Kim et al.5 developed a two-dimensio
29、nal FEM model for laser cutting,using a continuous wave(CW)laser beam with a Gaussian energy flux distribution 10)Similar work was done by Yu 6,who developed a three-dimensional FEM model.Compare the similarity14)A one-dimensional FDM model was developed by Boley and Early 7,oriented towards the eff
30、ects of the plasma state on the heat transfer.18)A one-dimensional FDM model for laser drilling of fibre composites was proposed by Tagliaferri et al.8.general to specific Chart indicating the relationshipsModels of laser material processingFDM by ChanFEMFDM by BoleyKimVon AllmanGaneshYuTagliaferriI
31、nterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseReporting wordsReporting verbs or expressions are used to report on what other authors have d
32、one:whether they have made claims,argued a case,established findings,drawn conclusions,etc.Note the differences in these verbs:your choice of word will reveal to your reader your attitude toward the status of the authors theories/research;it will also indicate whether or not you consider her/his cla
33、ims to be substantiated.Reporting wordsGroup 1Group 1 Authors argument(author making a point to develop or justify his/her argument)Group 2Group 2 Authors emphasis(author drawing readers attention to a particular point)Group 3Group 3 Authors references to other authors(author positioning him/herself
34、 against other authors)Group 4Group 4 Authors omissions(author not fully arguing a point)Group 5Group 5 Authors admissions(author conceding a point of potential weakness)Practice:see sample analysisKeys to reporting verbsAccount for 1 Acknowledge5Argue1 Assume4Challenge3Claim1Contend1Dispute3Draw at
35、tention to2Emphasise2Establish1Find1Focus on2Hold the view1Insist2Maintain1Note2Observe2Point out2Propose1Prove1Recognise5Recommend1Reiterate2Reject3Remark2Stress2Suggest1Support3Take for granted4Underline2Practice:Read example1 again,and try to find words signaling your personal evaluation.4.1 Exam
36、ple 1The situational approach was very much a product of the 1960svery much a product of the 1960s,one of its pioneering achievements being Neile Osmans work with Australian immigrants(Osman,1959).As a movement,however,it did did not really survive the not really survive the attackattack made on it
37、made on it by Wilkinsby Wilkins in the early in the early 70s70s(e.g.Wilkins,1973).Wilkins main objection therefore is that the situational approach is superficial.Widdowson,for instance,observes that The danger of such analysis is that.Recent work by Ventola(1983;1984),Martin(1985),Coupland(1983)an
38、d others opts for.Current trends are towards Current trends are towards reconstructing accounts that include.Speech community has been an evolving concept.and the variety of.criteria has been discussed by Hudson(1980),Saville-Troike(1982)and especially by Braithwaite(1984).At the outset,At the outse
39、t,a speech community was seen a speech community was seen as being composed of those who share similar linguistic rules(Bloomfield,1933).Later,Later,Labov will Labov will emphasizeemphasize shared norms.(Labov,1966:7).Finally,there are Finally,there are those such as Hymes those such as Hymes who ar
40、gue for multiple criteria.however,it did not really survive the did not really survive the attackattack made made on it on it by Wilkinsby Wilkins in the early 70s in the early 70s(e.g.Wilkins,1973).Wilkins main objection therefore is that-contrastbeing composed of those who share similar linguistic
41、 rules(Bloomfield,1933).Later,Later,Labov will emphasizeLabov will emphasize shared norms.(Labov,1966:7).Finally,there are those such as Hymes Finally,there are those such as Hymes who argue for multiple criteria.-compare4.1 Analysis on example 1example 1:its real achievement(as well as covering a g
42、reat deal of ground very concisely)is to compare and contrastcompare and contrast a number of scholars,applying a clear and consistent personal perspective.Interpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the
43、reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseCiting previous researchTry
44、to compare and find out the difference between the two sentences:Example 1a:Example 1a:For viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the For viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important(
45、Boger et al.,1974).flows is also very important(Boger et al.,1974).Example 1b:Example 1b:Boger et al(1974)claim that for viscoelastic Boger et al(1974)claim that for viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flo
46、ws is also very stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important.important.Citing previous researchexample1a.Information prominent citation-资料导向引述-研究领域的一般描述Example1b.Author-prominent citation作者导向引述-多作者导向，-论文作者导向Information-prominent citation资料导向引述Information is given primary importanceEx
47、ample 1:Example 1:For viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important(Boger et al.,1974).“句子的主语是作者要讨论的主题资料导向引述的两种格式Example1:in some climates,control of house dust mite allergen loads has been found to be possible by seasonal regula
48、tion of indoor relative humidity 2.参考文献的序号放在括号内，该序号是指参考文献在论文末尾参考文献目录中的序号Example2：this hypothesis is supported by cell morphology results in studies of myalgic trapezius muscle(Larsson et al.,1988;Kadi et al.,1998).参考文献的作者的姓氏有出版年代置于句末的括号内Citing previous researchTry to compare and find out the differe
49、nce between Try to compare and find out the difference between the two sentences:the two sentences:Example 1a:Example 1a:For viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important(Boger et al.,1974).Example 1bExample 1b:Boger et al(1974)c
50、laim that for viscoelastic fluids,the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important.author-prominent citationBoger et al(1974)claim that.the authors name is given more emphasis.It serves as the subject of the sentence,followed by the date or citation nu
