1、 中考英语阅读理解命题特点与答题指导 教育部考试中心在对近年的中考英语阅读理解试题进行分析总结时指出，阅读英语文章是我国考生接触英语最主要的途径，因此，阅读理解题应该在试卷中占较大比重。 综 观近年各地中考英语阅读理解试题，它们有以下特点：试题难度适中，个别地区略有起伏；文章选材符合考试大纲的基本要求，保证了题材、体裁类型多样；对阅读理解的几种技能考查比较全面；个别地区篇章长度和阅读量略有增加；文章内容积极健康，兼具知识性、思想性和教育性；题型日益多样化，标准选择题、是非判断题、主观问答题、填写表格 题搭配合理。 从整体上看，各地的中考 英语 阅读理解试题基本都做到了以下三个方面：第一，阅读材
2、料信息含量大，体现在 3 至 5 篇文章的题材与体裁多样化方面；第二，文章有易有难，搭配适度，命题者注意到合理把握文章及句子的难度；第三，恰当控制生词的数量，较好地处理合成词与派生词。每份试题的文章都能合理安排好细节判断题、词意或句意猜测题、文意理解判断题及推理判断题的题量与出现的顺序，命题者将知识性、趣味性和实用性融合在一起，对考生的阅读理解能力进行全方位的比较科学的检测。把握好选文的难度、选文的思想性、选文的时代性以及文章 实用性是一门很深的学问，命题者对中考后的数据进行缜密分析，透彻了解初中教学实际，本着两个 “ 有利于 ” （ 有利于高一级学校选拔人才、有利于促进初中教学 ） 的基本原
3、则，在英语测试学的角度上 命制试卷，试题具有非常科学的信度、效度与区分度。 教育部考试中心对阅读文章选材有如下要求： 1 阅读材料的主题要明确，话题要新，要有时代感。 2 语言应地道，条理清晰，结构紧凑，在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上要有较大的复杂性。 3 材料长短适宜。每篇文章要有足够的信息量，以供设题之用。其中文章词量约占 2/3，试题词量约占 1/3。 4 语言难易要适度。材料中的生词量应控制在 1%以内（由构词法形成的词不计为生词），避免短文中出现太多的汉语释义。每篇注释的词控制在 3个以内。 5 材料应具有真实性，原汁原味，选材新颖，避免选用广为流传和人所共知的材料，可涉及科普、社
4、会、文化、政治、经济和生活等。 6 体裁应多样化，应有 记叙 文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。每套试题最好有一篇考查特定信息能力的广告、公告类材料，也 可选用科普、新闻等体裁。 阅读能力重点考查点为以下 八 种阅读微技能：第一，领悟文章的大意 ； 第二，了解文章话题的能力；第三，文章主旨归纳概 括的能力；第四，理解文章的细节和细节转换的能力；第五，了解文章的结构与写作手法；第六，文章的寓意内涵理解力；第七，词义的正确理解能力；第八，文章的推断能力。（以上摘自教育部考试中心的试题分析报告） 以下是中考英语阅读理解测试能力层次的分类。 2 1 信息搜寻准确到位的能力 这类试题常见的测试方式有根据文章
5、判断选项的正误、筛选错误的信息、挑选符合题意的选项等。 2 对细节语义转换理解的能力 这类试题往往提供数字、图表和文字描写等特定的情景，常常要求考生换个角度思考，“ 横看成岭侧成峰 ” ，只不过是叙述的角度与表述的 语言不同。这类试题在阅读理解试题中占的比例比较大。 3 对词义转换的理解能力 这类试题常见的命题方式是根据上下文猜测划线词的语义或者选择一个近义词等。 4 对文章主旨、作者意图的分析能力 这属于较高层次的考查思维能力的试题，包括考查 形象 思维、逻辑思维以及从局部到整体的概括思维能力等。虽然一篇文章的细节内容可能很多，但是核心意思都可以用一句或几句话概括，甚至三言两语即可。 “ 归
6、纳 ” 和 “ 概括 ” 考查的重点是在理解文意的基础上对文章进一步分析和整理的能力，它可能要求归纳某一段落的中心思想，也可能要求对文章整篇内容做归 纳，如给文章选择合适的标题等。 5 推理判断能力 考查推理判断能力是对考生潜在能力的测试，读文章不完全是被动的 “ 读 ” ，而要主动的“ 思 ” ，探究文章之外的知识。根据文章内容进行推断时要有理有据，有时文章没有现成的结论，要根据文章内容进行合理的想 象 推断。有时试题的题目在设计时对文章中的说法变换了叙述角度或表达方式，是否符合题意不能直接看出，需要在正确把握文章的前提下分析判断，从而推理出符合文章意思的正确选项。 综观 2008 年各地课
7、改实验区的中考英语试题，阅读理解的选材非常丰富多彩，既有 对国内外 有关情况的介绍，又 有 对 社会热点问题的关注。 如 2008年 湖北黄冈 卷 的阅读理解既涉及到对 四川 汶川大地震后的心理干预，又比较介绍了体育明星刘翔与姚明的个人传记 ； 2008年 江苏省南通 卷的阅读理解 则 引进了 对在 2008年 北京奥运会期间有关寄宿家庭情况的介绍 。这些散发着时代与生活气息的阅读选材 被引入中考试题后 ，哪怕是英语基础再差的考生也会对阅读内容产生兴趣。可以这么说，现在的中考英语阅读理解的选材真正做到了走 近 生活、贴近时代，符合英语学科学以致用的特点。 （编者说明： 2008 年上海中考卷把
8、 A 篇的补全对话、 D 篇与 E 篇的完形填空纳入阅读理解 部分，这里不再分析。） B. True or False (判断下列句子是否符合短文内容，符合的用“ T”表示，不符合的用“ F”表示 )： (6 分 ) Michelle was flying from Houston to London, and during the flight, she began talking to John, the man in the seat next to her. She found out that he was president of a famous jeans company ba
9、sed in Texas; in fact, she was wearing a pair of blue jeans from his company! But that wasnt the most surprising thing. He had lived in San Francisco when he was in high school, and it turned out that he knew Michelles best friend, who also grew up in San Francisco! They continued talking. And by th
10、e end of the flight, they felt that they had known each other for much longer than eight 【 http:/ 精品教育资源文库】 hours. But back in Houston, Michelle almost forget about the attractive man she had met on the plane. One evening, she was walking her dog when a much larger dog came running toward them., gro
11、wling. The owner was running after it, shouting. He managed to catch the dog just as it was going to attack Michelles dog. Michelle was very angry. “Why dont you keep your dog on a leash (拴狗带 )?” She shouted. Then suddenly, she looked at him and stopped shouting. “John?” “Michelle?” they said at the
12、 same time. Michelle said, “Do you live around here? I live on the next street.” “I dont believe it,” John said. “In a city of two million peopl e, you live three blocks from me?” And in the end, as had to happen, Michelle and John began to going out together all because of seats on an airplane and
13、their dogs. 78. Michelle and John were on the same flight from Houston to London one day. 79. Michelle was wearing a pair of blue jeans made by Johns company. 80. During their talk, they found they used to be schoolmates in San Francisco. 81. Michelles dog attacked Johns when the two owners happened
14、 to see each other. 82. From the story we know that Michelle and John met again in San Francisco. 83. In the end, Michelle and John decided they would never see each other again. 答案与分析： 78. T 根据第一句 Michelle was flying from Houston to London, and during the flight, she began talking to John, the man
15、in the seat next to her.可以判断出两人同乘一个航班。 79. T 根据 she was wearing a pair of blue jeans from his company!判断。 80. F 根据 He had lived in San Francisco when he was in high school, and it turned out that he knew Michelles best friend, who also grew up in San Francisco!可以看出他们 过去不是同学。 81. F 根据 One evening, sh
16、e was walking her dog when a much larger dog came running toward them., growling. The owner was running after it, shouting.可以看出，Michelle 的狗被 John 的狗攻击时， John在后面追赶阻止，两位狗主人还没有见面。 82. F 根据第二段首句 But back in Houston，他们是在 Houston而不是在 San Francisco再次见面的。 83. F 根据文章结尾 Michelle and John began to going out to
17、gether判断。 C. Choose the best answer (根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案 )： (6 分 ) Story1 In America in 1940, the twin boys went to live with two different families almost as soon as they were born. The two brothers never saw each other again until 1979, when they met by chance at a party. When they started talking to
18、each other, they discovered some amazing similarities(相似处 ). First, they found out that they both 4 enjoyed making things out of wood. Later on, they discovered that they had both married women called Linda, and that they both had one son whose first and middle names were James and Alan. Besides, bo
19、th brothers had called their dogs by the same name Toy. As if that wasnt enough, they also found out t hat they both took their family holiday at the same place every year. Story2 In 1996, a Filipino woman called Mrs. Jimena told other people that her three children had three small holes on the sides of their necks below each other, an
