1、 Objectives:Introduce the history and the general characteristics of English;Let students know the growth of contemporary English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development Teaching focus:the Indo-European language familythree phases of the historical developmentgeneral characteristics of En
2、glishthree sources of contemporary English vocabularymodes of vocabulary developmentThe Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe,the Near East,and India.The classification of Indo-European language family:According to various degrees of similarity and their geographical d
3、istribution,the surviving languages of Indo-European language family fall into 10 principal groups,which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.the Near East 欧洲人指欧洲人指亚洲亚洲西南部和西南部和非洲非洲东北部地区东北部地区,但但伊朗伊朗、阿富汗除外。近东通、阿富汗除外。近东通常指地中海东部沿岸地区。包括非洲东北常指地中海东部沿岸地区。包括非洲东北部和亚洲西南部，有时还包括部和亚洲西南部，有时还包括巴尔干半岛巴尔
4、干半岛。q Balto-Slavic波罗的斯拉夫波罗的斯拉夫语族语族(the biggest one)Prussian普鲁士语普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语立陶宛语 Polish波兰语波兰语 Czech捷克语捷克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚斯洛文尼亚语语 Russian俄罗斯语俄罗斯语q Indo-Iranian印伊语族印伊语族 Persian波斯语波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉语孟加拉语 Hindi 北印度语北印度语 Romany吉普赛语吉普赛语q Armenian亚美尼亚语族亚美尼亚语族 Armenianq Albanian阿尔巴尼语族阿
5、尔巴尼语族 Albanian q Hellenic希腊语族希腊语族 Greekq Celtic凯尔特语族凯尔特语族 Scotish苏格兰语苏格兰语 Irish爱尔兰语爱尔兰语 Welsh威尔士威尔士 Breton布列塔尼语布列塔尼语 Pictish皮克特语皮克特语p Hittite希泰语族希泰语族p Tocharian吐火罗语族吐火罗语族q Italic意大利语族（意大利语族（5 romance languages）Portuguese葡萄牙语 Spanish西班牙语 French法语 Italian意大利语 Rumanian罗马尼亚语q Germanic日耳曼族日耳曼族 English英语
6、German德语 Dutch荷兰语 Flemish弗来芒语 Scandinavian languagesNorwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语 For each phase of the development,the following points must be made clear:Time rangeFeatures of EnglishSocial and historical events that influenced English greatlyFour questions for discussion:Who were th
7、e earliest inhabitants on the British Isles?What are included in Germanic tribes?What does England mean and why was the country called England and the language English?1.What is the feature of Old English?The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.The Germanic tribes include Angles,Saxon
8、s,and Jutes.They were first allies of Celts to fight against Picts and Scots,but then they became new conquerors.Angles,Saxons and Jutes all have their dialects.The Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles,the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole.Old English are alm
9、ost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.It was a highly inflected language,of which nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.The Norman Conquest and its influence on England A new and larg
10、er continental culture was brought to England.It forced on England“The national idea”.The situation of the simultaneous existence of three languages:English-French-Latin -a despised language used by boors and serfsThose in power,including those who held political or social power and those in powerfu
11、l Church positions.Those who want to make a living as a scribe and those in churches Features:A period of great changes,changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.Steady erosion of the Old English inflectional systems:endings of nouns and adje
12、ctives marking distinction of number and case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms.Modern English(15nt)Modern EnglishEarly Modern(1500-1700)Late Modern(1700 up to the present)Bourgeois and Industrial RevolutionRenaissanceModern English Began with the establishment of printing in England
13、The Renaissance:more than 25%of Modern English came from Latin and Greek The Industrial Revolution&Colonization:absorbing words from all major languages of the world After WWII:New words multiplied in all walks of life English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English)to the present analytic
14、 languageA comparison o2.3 General ChacsReceptivity,adaptability and heterogeneityVariety,heterogeneousness with foreign elementsSimplicity of inflection:Old English is a synthetic languageModern English is a analytic languageRelatively fixed word-ordersyntheti synthetic language,in linguistic typol
15、ogy,is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio,as opposed to a low morpheme-per-word ratio in what is described as an isolating language.This linguistic classification is largely independent of morpheme-usage classifications(such as fusional,agglutinative,etc.),although there is a common tend
16、ency for agglutinative languages to exhibit synthetic properties.Synthetic languages are numerous and well-attested,the most commonly cited being Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit,Spanish,Persian,Greek,Latin,Lithuanian,German,Italian,French,Romanian,Russian,Ukrainian,Polish and Czech,as well
17、as many languages of the Americas,including Navajo,Nahuatl,Mohawk and Quechua.In derivational synthesis,morphemes of different types(nouns,verbs,affixes,etc.)are joined to create new words.For example:反对解散国教主义 English:antidisestablishmentarianism=against-ending-institutionalize-condition-advocate-id
18、eology meaning the movement to prevent revoking the Church of Englands status as the official church(of England,Ireland,and Wales).Isolating language or analytic language is a linguistic typology category that defines a language with a low morpheme-per-word ratio in the extreme case of isolating lan
19、guage or analytic language words are composed of a single morpheme.Since words are not marked by morphology showing their role in the sentence,word order tends to carry a lot of importance in isolating languages.For example,Chinese makes use of word order to show subjectobject relationships.Mandarin
20、 Chinese(of all varieties)is perhaps the best-known analytic language.The term analytic,referring to a morphological type,is synonymous with the term isolating in most contexts.However,it is possible to define analytic as referring to the expression of syntactic information via separate grammatical
21、words instead of via morphology(with bound morphemes).Obviously,using separate words to express syntactic relationships would lead to a more isolating tendency while using inflectional morphology would lead to the language having a more synthetic tendency.2.4 Foreign Elements in ulary The major cont
22、ributors to English are Latin,Greek,French and Scandinavian.2.5 Growth of Contemporabulary Three main sources of new words:Rapid development of modern science and languages Social,economic and political changes The influence of other cultures and languages2.6 Modes of VocabuntCreationThe formation o
23、f new words by using the existing materials,using roots,affixes and other elementsSemantic changeAn old form takes on a new meaningBorrowing:Borrowed words constitute six to seven percent of all new words.Questions:Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?What characteristics of English make the English language heterogeneous?Account for the popularity of English in the present world from a linguistic perspective.Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabulary.What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary English?
