1、 名词性从句名词性从句定语从句定语从句 状语从句状语从句复复合合句句的的种种类类主语从句主语从句 宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句 时间状语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句构成从句的三大核心要素构成从句的三大核心要素连接词语序时态陈述性陈述性 一致性一致性（兼顾主句时态）（兼顾主句时态）唯一性（重点）唯一性（重点）名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的连接词名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从
2、句。其关名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关联词有联词有连词连词 that,if,whether；连接代词连接代词 what,who,which等等和和 连接副词连接副词 when,where,why,how等。等。从句从句连接词连接词主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句介词后介词后宾语从句宾语从句形容词后形容词后宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从同位语从句句 that whether ifWh-词（含词（含how)带后缀带后缀ever的词的词名词性从句类型判断V（谓语动词）主语从句V（谓语动词）宾语从句L.V（联系动词）表语从句N（名词）同位语从句定语语从句为保持句
3、子平衡，为保持句子平衡，that 引导主语从句时，常用引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语作形式主语而把真正的主语从句后置。主要有以下几种情况：而把真正的主语从句后置。主要有以下几种情况：It is+n.(a pity/a shame/a fact/no wonder,etc)+that-clause It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.It is no wonder that he is not hungry;he has been eating sweets all day.It i
4、s+adj.(certain/likely/probable/true,etc.)+that-clause It is probable that he told her everything.It is true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week.It is+p.p.(said/reported/believed,etc.)+that-clause It is reported that China has sent another man-made satellite into orbit.It+v.(seems/hap
5、pened,etc.)+that-clause It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It happened that I was out that day.其他情况其他情况:It doesnt matter whether he will come or not.It makes no difference where we had the meeting.It suddenly occurred to me that she had forgotten to lock the door.1.You know that I
6、 am a teacher of English.2.That I am a teacher of English is known to you all.3.It is known to you all that I am a teacher of English.4.The fact that I am a teacher of English is known to you all.5.I am worried about whether you can do well in the exam.6.What I am worried about is whether you can do
7、 well in the exam.that I am a teacher of English That I am a teacher of English that I am a teacher of English whether you can do well in the exam.Object ClauseSubject ClauseSubject Clause Predicative ClauseAppositive Clause that I am a teacher of English whether you can do well in the exam.Object C
8、lause判断下列从句的类型判断下列从句的类型Subject ClauseWhat I am worried about1.1989 These photographs will show you .A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like2.1992Word has come some American guests will come for a visit to our schoo
9、l next week.A.what B.that C.whether D.when3.2004全国卷全国卷I I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.A.this B.that C.it D.one 名词性从句高考题赏析4.1995 is a fact that English is being accepted as an international languageA.There B.This C.That D.It5.1996 we cant get seems better than we have.6.
10、1999 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.Is that you had a few days off?A.why B.when C.what D.where7.04湖南卷湖南卷I think Father would like to know_Ive been up to so far,so I decide to send him a quick note.A.which B.why C.what D.howA.What,what B.What,that C.That,that D.That,what 8.2001 A comput
11、er can only do _ you have instructed it to do.A.how B.after C.what D.when9.2004全国卷全国卷IYou are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is _ I disagree.10.2005浙江卷浙江卷Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon.A.who B.that C.as D.which11.04天津卷天津卷A modern city has been
12、 set up in_ was a wasteland ten years ago.A.what B.which C.that D.where12.04上海卷上海卷 After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.A.where B.what C.that D.howA.why B.where C.what D.how定语从句的引导词 关 系 代 词引导词先行词功能可否省略Who人主、宾*在限定性定从中，做从句动词宾语可省略Whom 人宾Which 物主
13、、宾That 人、物主、宾Whose人、物定语asthe sameas,suchas 关 系 副 词When 时间状语Where 地点状语Why 修饰reason状语 （for which）Prep+which或whom定语从句定语从句只用只用that不用不用which的几种情况的几种情况 that指物时一般可以和指物时一般可以和which换用，但在下列几种情况下换用，但在下列几种情况下只用只用that不用不用which：先行词为先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,something等；如等；如:We are ready to do something th
14、at is of some help to others.先行词被先行词被all,only,no,some,any,every,each,few,little等修饰时；如：等修饰时；如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时；如：先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时；如：The first lesson(that)Mr Green gave us will never be forgotten.如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时；如：词时；如：We know n
15、othing about the doctors and hospitals(that)you are talking about.当主句是以当主句是以who或或which开头的疑问句时开头的疑问句时;如如 Who is that boy that was here just now?当引导词在从句中作表语时。如当引导词在从句中作表语时。如；China isnt the country that it used to be.定语从句定语从句不能使用不能使用that的情况的情况 定语从句中介词置于关系代词之前时，指人定语从句中介词置于关系代词之前时，指人用用whom，指物用，指物用which。如
16、：如：Do you know the man to whom he is speaking?This is the house in which I lived last year.引导非限制性定语从句不能用引导非限制性定语从句不能用that。如：。如：Mr Smith has two sons,both of whom worked abroad.Beijing,which is the capital of our country,has changed a lot.They arrived at a farm house,in front of which sat a boy of se
17、venteen.注意：如何判断介词The girl _ which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.He is the man _ whom I think you can depend.1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配foron2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.Dolphins might be trai
18、ned to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding or even catching fish,_ all of which activities dolphins are expert.within3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配搭配The rate _ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.This is our classroom,_ which there is a teachers desk.atin the
19、 front ofThe committee consists of 20 members,5 of _ are women.The book contains 50 poems,most of _ were written in 1930s.There are two left,one of _ is almost finished,and the other of _ is not quite.I have a sentence,the meaning of _ I dont understand.whomwhichwhichwhichwhich名词名词/代词代词/数词数词+of+whic
20、h/whom一一.定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与同位语从句1.When,where,why在定从和同从中的应用在定从和同从中的应用 1)we havent yet settled the question_we are going to spend our summer vacation on 1st Oct.A.when B.where C.that D.which 2)Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League.A.when B.that C.in which D.which3)The reason_he moved to the USA
21、is not clear to me.A.why B.that C.when D.which4)We havent found out the problem_the computer was out of order.A.why B.that C.which D.whether 5)Is this the reason_at the meeting for his being absent from his work?A.why he explained B.he explained C.when he expained D.how he explained小结小结:相同点相同点:when,
22、where,why在定从中和在定从中和同从中均充当状语成分同从中均充当状语成分不同点：不同点：when,where,why在定从中在定从中有相应的先行词，可表示为介词关系有相应的先行词，可表示为介词关系代词；而在同从中无相应先行词，不可代词；而在同从中无相应先行词，不可表示为介关系代表示为介关系代ThatThat在定从与同从中的区别在定从与同从中的区别 用用A:that B:which A:that B:which 填空填空1)we all have heard the news_ our team won.2)we dont believe the news_ he told us yest
23、erday.AB/A3)the police ruled out(排除排除)the possibility _ Justin told them.4)The police ruled out the possibility_Jutin was taken away by the aliens.5)The news_ you told me yesterday was true.6)The news_ the president will visit our school spread quickly.B/AAB/AA用用A:that B:which 填空填空小结小结:定语从句与先行词是修饰关系
24、定语从句与先行词是修饰关系,关关系代词系代词thatwhich在从句中做主在从句中做主,宾，表宾，表等成分等成分,从句成分从句成分不完整不完整;同位语从句与同位语从句与被解释词是解释说明关系被解释词是解释说明关系,连接词连接词that在在句中不作成分句中不作成分,从句成分从句成分完整完整.二二.定从与主从定从与主从,宾从和表从宾从和表从1.定从与主从定从与主从翻译翻译:不论谁在公共场所随意吐痰都该被罚不论谁在公共场所随意吐痰都该被罚 翻译翻译:无论他做什么都不会对我有什么影响无论他做什么都不会对我有什么影响.a.Whoever spits in public should be punishe
25、d.b.Anyone who spits in public should a.Whatever he does makes no difference to me.b.Anything that he does makes no 小结小结:whoever=anyone who;whatever=anything that判断正误判断正误:a.Who breaks the law will be punishedb.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.(c.Who robbed the bank is not clear.d.Whoever robb
26、ed the bank is not clear.小结小结:时态与意义判断时态与意义判断.(误误)正正)(正正)(误误)翻译翻译（用定、主、表、宾四种从句）（用定、主、表、宾四种从句）众所周知，纸首先在中国制造。众所周知，纸首先在中国制造。1）As is known to us all,paper was first made in China.(定从定从)2)It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.（主从）（主从）3)What is known to us all is that paper was first mad
27、e in China.（表从）（表从）4)We all know that paper was first made in China.（宾从）（宾从）小结小结:定语从句与主宾表从句在特定定语从句与主宾表从句在特定情况下可以表示相同的意思。情况下可以表示相同的意思。填空：填空：1)He told us all _ had happened 10 years ago.A.that B.what C.which 2)He has told us all _ he experienced abroad.A.which B.what C.how D.when 小结小结:what=something t
28、hat all that=what 练习：练习：1)Our hometown is no longer _ she was 20 years ago.A That B.which C.where D.what2)It seems to us that no reason _ he gave us for his absense is believable.that B.what C.why D.which 3)The art center is _ used to be a factory,_millions of tractors were made.what,where B.where,w
29、here C.what,which D.where,which4)The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross river traffic is the heavest.A.which,where B.at which,which C.at which,where D.which,in which5)No one believed his reason for being late _ he was caught in a traffic jam,_ make him embrassed.Athat,w
30、hich B.why,which C.why,what D.that,what 6)_ is known to all is that the old scientist,for _life was hard in the past,still works very hard in his eighties.A.As,whom B.What,whom C.It,whose D.As,whose 总结：1.1.用什么样的关系词或连接词，均要在从句中分析用什么样的关系词或连接词，均要在从句中分析查找。关系词和连接词存在某种转化关系：查找。关系词和连接词存在某种转化关系：What=all that/
31、something thatWhatever=anything that Whoever=anyone who 2.2.高考考查的趋势是多种复合句的融合，而非单一高考考查的趋势是多种复合句的融合，而非单一句法的考查。句法的考查。3.定语从句与名词性从句的本质区别：定语从句与名词性从句的本质区别：定从多存在被修饰的先行词，且先行词（或定从多存在被修饰的先行词，且先行词（或关系词）在从句中作成分；名从没有先行关系词）在从句中作成分；名从没有先行词，名从中的连接词除了词，名从中的连接词除了that、whether 外，均在从句中作成分。外，均在从句中作成分。状语从句状语从句状语从句按意义和作用可分为
32、：状语从句按意义和作用可分为：时间状从、地点状从、原因状从时间状从、地点状从、原因状从 目的状从、结果状从、方式状从、目的状从、结果状从、方式状从、让步状从、条件状从、比较状从等九种。让步状从、条件状从、比较状从等九种。状语从句放在主句之前常用逗号隔开；状语从句放在主句之前常用逗号隔开；放在主句之后不用逗号。放在主句之后不用逗号。状语从句的引导词状语从句的引导词1.时间状从：时间状从：2.地点状从：地点状从：3.原因状从：原因状从：8.让步状让步状从从when,as,while,as soon as,while,before,after,since,till,until，the minute,
33、the moment,the second,every time,the instant,immediately,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely whenwhere，wherever,anywhere,everywherebecause,since,as,now that4.目的状从：目的状从：5.结果状从：结果状从：6.方式状从：方式状从：状语从句的引导词状语从句的引导词so that,in order that （for fear that，in the hope that,for the purpose that）so that,such that
34、,as,as if,how状语从句的引导词状语从句的引导词7.条件状从：条件状从：8.比较状从：比较状从：9.让步状语从句：让步状语从句：though,although,even if,even though，as(用在让步状语从句中必用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装须要倒装)，no matter+疑问词，疑疑问词，疑问词问词+everasas,than，the more the more ;if,unless,as/so long as(只要只要),only if,in case,on condition that（条件是（条件是）状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略 若主从句中的主语一致，且从句为
35、系表结构，可省略从句主语及be动词；若主从句中的主语一致，可省略从句主语，并将从句谓语转化为相应分词；若从句为it be结构，则可直接省略it be。When she was very young,she began to learn to play the piano.When you arrive there,you can get many friends.Whenever it is possible,you should come and help.When arriving注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking,she found a nic
36、e shining thing on the ground.There are few people nowadays,if there are any,who remember him.You should stay where you are,unless you are asked to leave.Even if I am invited to,I wont go to such a bad lecture.She has finished the work earlier than it has been expected.He opened the desk,as if he was in search of something important.
