1、Unit4 Fun with scienceGrammar and composition p48Subjunctive mood (I): Other cases A Exploring the rules Below is a story from a popular science magazine about Wilson Bentley, the Snowflake Man Find the sentences in the story that use the subjunctive mood and fill in the box below. The first one has
2、 been done for you. 下面是一个关于威尔逊 本特利的故事，“雪花男”找到故事中使用虚拟语气的句子，然后填入下面的方框。第一个已经为你做好了。We might all know the saying no two snowflakes are alike, but how many of us have heard of the Snowflake Man, Wilson Bentley, the person who actually made this discovery? It is important that he be remembered for revoluti
3、onizing our understanding of these amazing crystal structures.Born in the snowy US state of Vermont in 1865, Bentley developed a strong fascination with snowflakes. He wished that he could capture their beauty on film. However, creating photos with fine details of each individual snowflake was by no
4、 means easy.After many failed attempts, he attached his camera to a microscope and set up his equipment outside, otherwise the snowflakes would have melted quickly. He worked in the freezing cold for hours at a time, carefully handling each snowflake with a feather, and photographing it with a 90-se
5、cond exposure. Triumph was his when, in 1885, he successfully captured the worlds first image of a single snowflake!Over the decades, Bentley photographed more than 5,000 snowflakes. Through many years of trial and error, he explored the secrets hidden from human eyes, as though he were digging up b
6、uried treasure. Eventually he discovered that no two snowflakes are ever exactly the same. Excited by what he saw, he stated, Under the microscope, I found that snowflakes were miracles of beauty . Every crystal was a masterpiece of design and no one design was ever repeated. In the hope of sharing
7、his discoveries with the world, Bentley wrote the book Show Crystals, which featured over 2,400 breathtaking photographs of snowflakes.But for Bentleys tireless work, we would not know that every single snowflake is unique. We have the Snowflake Man to thank for this amazing insight into the natural
8、 world.我们可能都知道”没有两片雪花是一样的”但是我们中有多少人听说过”雪花男”Wilson Bentley 就是那个真正发现这个的人？他彻底改变了我们对这些惊人晶体结构的理解，这一点很重要。1865年，宾利出生在美国多雪的佛蒙特州，他对雪花产生了浓厚的兴趣。他希望能把它们的美拍摄下来。然而，拍摄每一片雪花的细节绝非易事。经过多次失败的尝试后，他将相机连接到显微镜上，并在室外架设设备，否则雪花很快就会融化。他一次在严寒中工作数小时，小心翼翼地用羽毛处理每片雪花，用90秒的曝光时间拍摄它。1885年，他成功捕捉到世界上第一片雪花的照片.在过去的几十年里，宾利拍摄了超过5000片雪花。经过多
9、年的反复试验，他发现了人类眼睛看不到的秘密，就好像他在挖掘埋藏的宝藏。最终他发现没有两片雪花是完全一样的。他对自己的所见感到兴奋，他说，在显微镜下，我发现雪花是美丽的奇迹。.每一块水晶都是设计的杰作，没有一个设计是重复的为了与世界分享他的发现，本特利写了水晶展览这本书，展示了超过2400张令人惊叹的雪片照片.但是由于本特利孜孜不倦的工作，我们不会知道每一片雪花都是独一无二的。我们要感谢”雪花男”对自然世界的惊人洞察力。Integrated skills p50Talking about friction A Alison is reading a physics lecture transcr
10、ipt about friction. Read the lecture transcript below and answer the following questions. 艾莉森正在阅读一篇关于摩擦力的物理讲稿。阅读下面的讲稿并回答以下问题。Friction: a force thats hard to resistWhat happens if you roll a ball across the grass and then across a smooth floor? Which surface lets you roll the ball faster and for long
11、er? The answer may appear simple, but the reason behind it-friction-is very complicated. Defined as the force that makes it difficult for one object to slide over the surface of another or to move through a liquid or gas, friction has been fascinating scientists for centuries, and its hard to resist
12、!In the late 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci-yes, the famous Italian artist-experimented with friction. He slid objects across different types of surfaces and made the connection between friction amount and its determining factors such as surface texture, even with the limited technological knowledge avail
13、able then. He never published his discoveries, but he did apply this knowledge to his designs for various tools and machine parts.Friction continued to draw scientists attention over the centuries. In the 17th century, French physicist Guillaume Amontons became the first to draft laws about it. In t
14、he early 1990s, Australian physicist Frank Philip Bowden investigated frictions relationship with lubrication. The 21st century has witnessed yet another discovery: friction may have a kind of memory that builds over time between two surfaces. It means friction depends on the contact history of two
15、surfaces, leading scientists to believe that it is a force more complex than previously thought. This finding may be of great importance as it could expand our understanding of physical systems that depend on friction, from micromachines to earthquakes.The force of friction had been part of our live
16、s long before we even knew that it existed. Today we recognize and value the necessary role it plays. As there is still much to learn about friction, who knows what the future holds for this essential force? What is certain, however, is that physicists are excited at its huge potential.摩擦力: 难以抵抗的力量如
17、果你把球滚过草地，然后再滚过光滑的地面会发生什么? 哪个表面能让你滚得更快更长？答案可能看起来很简单，但其背后的原因 - 摩擦力 - 非常复杂。摩擦力的定义是使一个物体难以滑过另一个物体的表面，或穿过液体或气体的力，几个世纪以来，摩擦力一直是迷人的科学家，它难以抗拒! 在14世纪末，列奥纳多达芬奇，是的，著名的意大利艺术家，尝试过摩擦力。他将物体滑过不同类型的表面，并将摩擦量与表面结构等决定因素联系起来，即使当时掌握的技术知识有限。他从未发表过他的发现，但他确实将这些知识应用到他的各种工具和机械零件的设计中。几个世纪以来，摩擦一直吸引着科学家的注意力。17世纪，法国物理学家吉劳米阿芒顿成为第一
18、个起草相关法律的人。在20世纪90年代早期，澳大利亚物理学家 frank philip bowden 研究了摩擦与润滑的关系。21世纪见证了另一个发现: 摩擦力可能有一种“记忆”，随着时间的推移在两个表面之间形成。这意味着摩擦力取决于两个表面的接触历史，使得科学家们相信，这是一种比之前想象的更复杂的力。这一发现可能非常重要，因为它可以扩展我们对依赖于摩擦力的物理系统的理解，从微型机器到地震。早在我们知道摩擦力存在之前，它就已经是我们生活的一部分了。今天我们认识到并重视它所扮演的必要角色。关于摩擦力，还有很多东西要学，谁知道这种重要力量的未来会怎样？然而，可以肯定的是，物理学家对其巨大的潜力感到兴奋。
