1、學術圖書館在學術圖書館在全全球化球化時時代代的的趨勢趨勢1docin/sundae_mengOutline of Todays Discussion今天討論的大綱1.Globalization Overview2.Globalization and Academic Libraries.3.Academic Library Global Trends4.Implications for Asia Pacific Academic Libraries5.Conclusions1.概觀全球化2.全球化與學術圖書館3.學術圖書館的全球化趨勢4.對亞太區學術圖書館的影響5.總結2docin/sunda
2、e_mengGlobalization Overview概觀全球化1.Basic Definition2.Globalization Background3.Basic Arguments in Favor4.Arguments Against1.基本定義2.全球化的背景3.贊成的論點4.反對的論點3docin/sundae_mengBasic Definition基本定義 The process by which the experience of everyday life,marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas,is becomi
3、ng standardized around the world.(Local ways are replaced by international/world“standardized“ways of doing ways)每天的生活經驗，特別是產品和理念的傳播，已經使全球變得一體化。(本土做法已被國際/全球“標準”做法所取代。)4docin/sundae_mengGlobalization Background 全球化 背景(Friedman,Thomas.The World Is Flat:A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century 湯馬斯湯馬
4、斯佛里曼佛里曼.世界是平：二十一世紀簡史世界是平：二十一世紀簡史1.1989.End of Cold War permitted the development of a global economy.2.2019.Creation of Netscape enabled people in all nations to communicate with each other.1.1989年冷戰結束,容許全球化經濟的發展。2.2019年網景通訊公司成立，讓全世界民眾可互相溝通。5docin/sundae_mengMore Background(Friedman)續:背景（佛里曼）3.Emerg
5、ence of IT standards like HTML allowed computers to talk to each other.4.New software making it easy to upload and download information,facilitated cross national cooperation.3.資訊科技準則湧現，例如HTML讓電腦互相溝通。4.新軟體使上載和下載資訊更容易，促進跨國合作。6docin/sundae_mengMore Background(Friedman)續:背景（佛里曼）5.Outsourcing.Technology
6、 has emerged which has enable organizations to subcontract parts of their work to other groups cost effectively.6.Offshoring.The ability of companies to move all or most of their manufacturing to other countries with cheaper wages,materials,etc.5.外外包包.新科技使機構可外包部分工序給其他集團，以節省成本。6.離岸作業離岸作業.遷移一部分或所有的生產工
7、序到工資廉宜，物料便宜的地區去生產。7docin/sundae_mengMore Background(Friedman)續:背景（佛里曼）7.Supply-chaining.Companies like Wall-Mart or Trustmart can use IT to efficiently manage sales,distribution and shipping.8.In-sourcing.One company does work in behalf of another company.7.供應鏈供應鏈.大公司如沃爾瑪或好又多，能夠有效地利用資訊科技來管理銷售，物流和運輸。
8、8.内包内包.一間公司替另一間公司完成該公司的作業。8docin/sundae_mengMore Background(Friedman)續:背景（佛里曼）9.Google easy access to an explosion of information.Every day people can instantly find useful information.10.Steroid-like technologies.Digital technologies like wireless or devices like i-Phones,i-Pads,3-G phones,etc.,whi
9、ch change the way we live.9.谷歌谷歌 容易取得海量的資訊。人們可以立即尋找到有用的資訊。10.激素似的技術激素似的技術 數碼科技像無線或智能手機，平板電腦，3-G手機設備等，都起改變人們生活的作用。9docin/sundae_mengBasic Arguments Against Globalization反對全球化的論點1.Jobs are exported overseas.2.Workers in recipient countries are exploited.3.Rich countries get richer,poor countries poore
10、r.4.Lack of health and safety regulations.5.Recipient countries stop growing locally needed food.6.Repressive regimes get World Bank/IMF help.1.工作會流失到海外去。2.受援國的工人會受到剝削。3.富裕國家將會更加富裕，貧窮國家将会更貧窮。4.缺乏健康與安全規例。受援國停止種植當地所需的糧食。2.受壓政體唯有向世界銀行/國際貨幣基金組織求助10docin/sundae_mengGlobalization and Academic Libraries全球化
11、與學術圖書館1.Library Globalization Defined圖書館全球化的界定2.Examples 例子3.Arguments Against Academic Library Globalization反對學術圖書館全球化的論點11docin/sundae_mengLibrary Globalization Defined圖書館全球化的界定 The process by which libraries whose selection,acquisitions,cataloging,circulation,etc.,practices differ greatly because
12、 of differences of locality,language,etc.,are becoming standardized around the world.圖書館選書，採購，編目，流通等工序，過去因地區和語言的差異而有所不同，但在全球化的今天巳漸趨一致。12docin/sundae_mengSelected Examples of Library Globalization圖書館趨向全球化的例子1.Materials published in a few countries purchased globally.2.Teachers and librarians trained
13、in western countries.Growing numbers of international students.3.International copyright laws.1.一些小國出版的書籍在全球任何地方都能購買到。2.教師和圖書館館員在西方受訓。留學生人數在增加。3.國際著作權法。13docin/sundae_mengArguments Against Academic Library Globalization 反對學術圖書館全球化的論點1.Many readers prefer materials with a local flavor,e.g.,Chinese bo
14、oks for Chinese students.2.Global mega-publishers can almost charge whatever they want.3.Global cataloguing,etc.standards are excessive for small libraries and expensive to follow.1.很多讀者喜愛具本土味道的書籍,例如中國學生愛看中文書。2.全球大型出版商幾乎能夠在收費上予取予求。3.又如全球化編目等,準則過多,小型圖書館要遵循,成本高昂。14docin/sundae_mengMore Arguments Again
15、st續:反對論點4.Global publishing is seen by some as a new form of cultural imperialism.5.Buying global information/software drains money that perhaps should be spent on local staff and materials.4.全球化出版被一部分人視為一種新的文化帝國主義.5.花費大量金錢來購買全球資訊/軟件,或應把這些資金投放在本地員工和資源上。15docin/sundae_mengMore Arguments Against續:反對論點
16、6.Poor countries simply dont have clean electric power or adequate internet connectivity to access global information.7.Since local leaders assume readers rely upon what is freely available on the WWW for information,they neglect local libraries and have no motivation to improve them.6.貧窮國家根本沒有充足電力或
17、足夠的國際互聯網絡連接來存取環球資訊。7.由於本地領袖以為讀者依賴萬維網來獲得免費的資訊,他們忽視和欠缺動力去改善本地圖書館。16docin/sundae_mengAcademic Library Global Trends學術圖書館全球化趨勢1.Collection Development/Acquisitions Trends 館藏發展/採購趨勢2.Public Service Trends 公共服務趨勢3.Library Space Trends 圖書館空間趨勢4.Technical Services Trends 技術服務趨勢5.Staffing,Management,etc.人力資源
18、,管理,等17docin/sundae_mengCollection Development/Acquisitions Global Trends 館藏發展/採購全球化趨勢1.Buy E-books Not Printed Books Amazon,with the advent of the Kindle,by July 2019 sold more e-books than hard cover books and by April 2019 sold more new e-books than new paper bound or hard cover books.1.購買電子書而非印刷
19、購買電子書而非印刷書書 亞瑪遜,自從Kindle平板電腦問世,至2019年7月售出的電子書便多於硬皮書。到2019年4月售出的電子書比紙本書或硬皮書還多。18docin/sundae_meng2.Acquire More Non-Commercial Content徵集更多非商業資源 Libraries are focusing more and more attention on acquiring non commercial content as Open Access grows,as the IR movement grows,as they devote staff to mini
20、ng Internet content.The whole context of collection building has changed.Every library and its readers has free access to tens of millions of older books.圖書館更聚焦和採集非商業資源如開放存取。隨著機構典藏的發展,圖書館用更多人力去發掘國際互聯網的內容。館藏建設的整體內容已有改變,所有圖書館和讀者已能免費自由存取數以千萬的舊書。19docin/sundae_meng3.Changed Role for Libraries圖書館角色已改變 Th
21、e role of libraries as the major guardian of the intellectual output of the scholarly community is coming to an end.In the face of the rapid growth of Google Books,the Hathi Trust content,other free or near free mega-collections,these collections are assuming this role.圖書館作為主要學術保衞者的角色已終結。谷歌圖書,Hathi
22、Trust協同資料庫,其他免費和近乎免費的大型藏書庫迅速增長,這些藏書資料庫正替代並執行這個角色。20docin/sundae_meng4.Increased Importance of Special Collections 增加特色館藏的重要性 Libraries dont want to waste their time digitizing books held by other libraries.Consequently,they are increasingly focusing on the unique materials found in their collections
23、.Since most libraries provide Open Access to this information,they are making a real contribution to scholarship.圖書館不會浪費時間,把其他圖書館都有庋藏的書籍數位化。因此他們會聚焦館藏中的獨有的資源。很多圖書館都讓這些資源公開存取,對學術有着實質的貢獻。21docin/sundae_meng5.Users as Selectors用戶成了挑選者 Before rushing an order was seen as time consuming and costly,now Boo
24、k vendors now have software to make these sorts of transactions routine User initiated book borrowing programs like InnReach and OCLCs new program are more and more wide spread Journal publishers make it easy to buy articles one at a time 從前為滿足讀者的需求,便很趕急地訂購書籍,非常浪費時間而且成本很高。而現在:書籍供應商現在用軟件來完成各種交易程序。用戶啟
25、動的借閱計劃,如InnReach和OCLC的新方案,已被廣泛採用。期刊出版商讓購買單篇文章簡易化。22docin/sundae_meng6.Libraries and Institutional Repositories(IRs)圖書館與機構典藏庫(機構知識庫)(IRs)DSpace may have been created by scholars to share information,but libraries have long been in the business of collecting and organizing information to go into IRs.L
26、ibraries faced with budget problems,are more motivated to adopt and support open access IRs.Libraries are more knowledgeable about the intellectual property issues encountered when building IRs.DSpace可能是學者開創來分享資訊,但長期以來從事收集和整理資訊,進而發展成機構典藏的是圖書館。圖書館正面對財政緊縮問題,會更主動去採用和支持開放存取的機構典藏庫。圖書館有更多經驗去處理,建立機構典藏庫時遇到的
27、眾多知識產權問題。23docin/sundae_meng7.Collecting/servicing Data Sets收集/維護資料集(數據集),Libraries are taking up the responsibility of managing and making available large data sets created locally,e.g.,social survey results,collections of art history visual data and providing visual data analysis tools.圖書館負責管理和提供本
28、地製作的大型資料集(數據集),如:社會調查結果,藝術歷史視覺數據的收藏和提供視覺數據分析工具。24docin/sundae_mengPublic Services Global Trends公共服務全球趨勢25docin/sundae_meng8.The Physical Reference Desk Is Disappearing實體的参考諮詢檯逐渐消失 Reference desk statistics are down while online statistics are up.Readers find that Wikipedia and Google generally provi
29、de sufficient information immediately.The good old days of students going to the reference desk will soon be over.Reference books are being integrated within the general collection.使用参考諮詢數量下降,而網上服務的數量則上升。讀者認為維基百科和谷歌一般能立即提供足夠資訊。昔日學生前往参考諮詢檯諮詢的日子將成過去。參考書籍會融入到一般圖書中。26docin/sundae_meng9.Social Networking
30、 and Public Services社交網路和公共服務 If reference librarians want to stay relevant to meeting student needs,they need to figure out how to work in the social networking world where students are operating.Students,if and when they want library help,want it with electronic resources.Students want“speed AND c
31、onvenience.”如果参考諮詢圖書館員希望能繼續满足學生的資訊需要,他們需要了解在這個以學生為主的社交網路世界如何服務他們。當學生希望得到圖書館的協助,要求得到的是電子資源。學生希望得到”快捷和方便”的服務。27docin/sundae_meng10.Libraries and Own Campus Collaboration圖書館與校內的協作Libraries,hungry to demonstrate their value to their funders,are providing new sorts of services to others on their own camp
32、uses,e.g.,-HKUs Libraries digitized HK War Crimes Trial materials brought together by the Law School.-Libraries are adding 4th year student papers to IRs.圖書館很渴望向校方展示它的價值,會在校內提供新服務種類,例如,-香港大學圖書館與法律 學院攜手把香港戰時罪 行審判資料數位化。-四年前圖書館巳把把學 生的論文加 到機構典藏庫內。28docin/sundae_meng11.Libraries Helping Teachers with Int
33、ellectual Property Issues圖書館協助教師處理有關知識產權事宜 Teachers are electronically sharing published information with students on their web pages,online reserves,course management systems,etc.Frequently,teachers are ignorant of,or are choosing to ignore copyright issues.Libraries are providing intellectual prop
34、erty rights information and services to increase the amount of information students can legally access.教師透過互聯網與學生分享巳出版的資訊,如網頁,線上指定教材,課程管理系統等。教師很多時不知道,或選擇去漠視著作權權問題。圖書館提供知識產權的資訊和服務,增加學生可合法存取資訊的數量。29docin/sundae_mengLibrary Space Global Changes圖書館空間全球改變30docin/sundae_meng12.Library Space is being“Repur
35、posed”圖書館空間已被”改變用途”Traditional libraries were designed for the individualized learning experience,quiet rules,food rules,individual carrels.In the age of problem based learning,libraries are being repurposed to support group learning experiences.圖書館的傳統設計原本是為個人學習而設,有安靜規則,飲食規則,獨立研究小間。在”基於問題的學習”(PBL)時代
36、,圖書館正改變以便支援小組學習。31docin/sundae_mengInformation Commons Movement The Ultimate Repurposing of Libraries資訊共享空間運動-最終會令圖書館的用途改變 Goal:Easy access to information,friends and food.Group study is central But not just computers Non-library learning support services like writing labs,language labs,student coun
37、seling,banks,bakeries,barbers,etc.,are being relocated to or near libraries.目標:易於存取資訊,與朋友聯絡,以至飲食。小組研習巳成主流。並不單靠電腦。非圖書館的學習支援服務,如:寫作研習,語言實習,學生輔導,銀行,麵包店,理髮店等,巳遂漸遷移到圖書館內或圖書館附近。32docin/sundae_mengTechnical Services Global Trends技術服務全球趨勢33docin/sundae_meng13.Resource Description and Access Has Arrived(RDA)
38、“資源描述與檢索”巳到來 RDA is a new set of rules for cataloging books and other materials.This new international standard is to take the place of the old standard:AACR2.Supposed to be compatible but not the same as AACR2.書籍和其他資料的新編目規則,是資源描述與檢索(RDA)。這種新的國際標準是用來取代舊的AACR2。這標準應是相容的,但不同於AACR2。34docin/sundae_meng14
39、.Outsourcing Technical Services外判技術服務 Redesign/streamline technical processing.Libraries moved from doing their own cataloging to copying other librarys records.Now they are moving to taking data from everywhere and outsourcing as much as possible.重新設計/精簡技術加工工作。圖書館由自己做原始編目轉移至下載其他圖書館的紀綠（抄錄編目）。現在已轉向從其
40、他地方取得資料和盡可能把工作外包。35docin/sundae_meng15.Mainstreaming Special Collections Cataloging特色館藏編目成主流 Special Collections cataloging was out of the mainstream and less important than the processing of new books.With the emphasis on digitizing local unique materials,more attention is being paid to processing
41、Special Collections materials.特色館藏編目過去並不是重心,圖書館從前較重視新書籍的加工工作。重視本館獨有資料數碼化,圖書館把更多力量投放在處理特色館藏資料上。36docin/sundae_meng16.Cloud Computing and Academic Libraries雲端運算與學術圖書館Libraries have long relied upon remote sites(the cloud)for information resources and bibliographic data.OCLC is taking the Cloud concept
42、 to a whole new level.Libraries will rely upon OCLC for even more shared data,workflows,integrated search access to online resources,shared APPs,and libraries will be able to off load work to OCLC for completion.Other vendors are bound to follow their example.圖書館長久依賴遠程站(雲端)來存取信息資源和書目數據。OCLC已把雲端的概念提升
43、至全完嶄新的層次。圖書館會增加依賴OCLC,如數據分享,工作流程,綜合搜索存取網路資源,分享應用程式等,讓圖書館繁重的工作,部分交由OCLC去完成。其他供應商勢必跟從這些範例。37docin/sundae_meng17.Using Mobile Devices使用流動通訊設備 A recent report indicated that“by the end of 2019,consumer cloud services for accessing content will be integrated into 90 percent of all connected consumer devi
44、ces.Libraries will be developing services to move with their patrons,to teach them how to use the Cloud,and provide integrated services to this new mobile environment.近期報告顯示,2019年底,使用者以雲端服務去取得資料將會逹所有使用設備者的百分之九十。圖書館將會與讀者一起發展各項服務,教導他們如何使用雲端,並在這個新的行動環境中提供嶄新的綜合服務。38docin/sundae_mengStaffing,Management,e
45、tc.,Global Changes人力資源,管理等,全球在變39docin/sundae_meng18.Cross-institutional Staff Sharing跨機構人力共享 Libraries faced with critical financial problems are beginning to collaborate as never before,e.g.,2CUL where Columbia and Cornells libraries are sharing two area studies bibliographers and plan to share mo
46、re.Advances in IT make it possible for a single person to meaningfully work in two places at the same time.圖書館面對着嚴峻的財務問題,巳開始前所未有的合作,例如:哥倫比亞大學圖書館與康奈爾大學圖書館正共用兩位學科館員,並計劃共享更多。先進的資訊科技能讓一個員工同時為兩個地方進行有意義的工作。40docin/sundae_meng19.Nature of Staff Changing員工性質的改變 Traditional library staffing levels are decrea
47、sing or stagnant.As libraries change from being so book centric,the nature of the work done by library employees is changing.Fewer people dealing with the book as an object,more people focusing on the content.傳统圖書館員工階層已漸遞減或停滯。圖書館巳不再以書籍為中心,圖書館員的工作性質也漸改變。很少人把處理書籍視為目標,更多人把焦點集中在內容上。41docin/sundae_mengMo
48、re on nature of staff changing員工的性質有更多改變 The numbers of non librarians employed in libraries is increasing.Much more emphasis is being placed on staff with systems/computer skills,marketing,outreach,and fundraising.聘用非圖書館專業館員的人數在逐漸遞增。更重視系統/電腦技術,推廣,外展,和籌募經費的工作。42docin/sundae_meng20.Academic Library O
49、rganization Trends學術圖書館組織趨勢 All of the trends mentioned above make it clear that academic libraries have and are changing significantly and so it is logical that the library s organizational structure will also change.上述的趨勢很明顯反映學術圖書館正進行改變,並已有着重大的變化,所以圖書館的組織結構上也將會有改變。43docin/sundae_mengAcademic Libra
50、ry Organization Trends學術圖書館組織趨勢 Two models have emerged but it is not clear if either of these will dominate or whether both will disappear:兩種模式已合併,但是並不清楚那一種會主導,或兩種都會消失:-44docin/sundae_mengTwo Possible Models(1)The current Director and 1-3 functional assistant directors will simply be changed by add
