1、Grammar and usage八滩高二英语备课组八滩高二英语备课组 葛卫红葛卫红-There are many sleeping students in class.（表语）（表语）（定语）（定语）Feeling the lesson is boring,the students are sleepy.The students feel the lesson boring.The lesson is boring.（宾补）（宾补）（状语）（状语）-功功 能能定语定语表语表语宾语补足语宾语补足语状语状语-1.In the following years he worked even hard
2、er.2.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.3.The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.4.Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?5.Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.6.He kept the car waiting at the gate.-1.He hurried home,looking behind as he went.2.Ha
3、ving finished their work,they had a rest.3.The large building being built is a library.4.Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.（一般式）（一般式）（完成式）（完成式）（被动语态）（被动语态）（被动完成式）（被动完成式）-时态和语态时态和语态-3.The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.2.The man running inthe picture is Liu Xi
4、ang.1.a running man 一一、V-ing used as attribute:-The factory making TV sets is very large.The main road being built will be completed next year.此处为什么用此处为什么用being built The main road_will be completed next yearthat/which is being builtThe main road _(build)next week is benefical to our life.to be buil
5、tcci此处的此处的to be built是什么形式做什么成分？你能是什么形式做什么成分？你能体味它和体味它和being built 的不同吗？的不同吗？The factory which makes TV sets is very large.-1.That was an extremely interesting speech.2.A wood-burning stove is environmentally unfriendly.Note:副词或名词可以和现在分词在副词或名词可以和现在分词在一起构成复合名词一起构成复合名词-翻译：1.令人信服的证据2.一段难熬的时光3.正在讨论的问题4.
6、即将在会上讨论的问题5.令人惊异的人6.迅速发展的经济7.经营这个工厂的老板the convincing envidencea trying timethe problem being discussedthe problem to be discussed at the meetingthe amazing personthe fast-growing economythe boss running the factory-小小 结结:V-ing形式作定语可表示动作正在进行形式作定语可表示动作正在进行或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑主动关系。或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑主动关系。单个单个V-ing词
7、作定语修饰名词一般置于名词作定语修饰名词一般置于名词之前；词之前；V-ing词组修饰名词则置于名词词组修饰名词则置于名词之后，此时相当于一个定语从句。之后，此时相当于一个定语从句。-2.We noticed a lot of people_(wait)to enter the stadium.二二、V-ing used as Object Complement:1.We saw some students_(play)basketball on the playground.3.They have the fire_(burn)all night.playingwaitingburning-V
8、-ing形式作宾语补足语置形式作宾语补足语置于宾语之后，表示一个正在于宾语之后，表示一个正在进行的动作（如例进行的动作（如例1、2），），或强调一个过程或一种状态。或强调一个过程或一种状态。（如例（如例3）小小 结结：-V-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：小小 结结：1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有 see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,look at,listen to 等。等。2)表示指使意义的动词，常见的有表示指使意义的动词，常见的有have,set,keep,get,catc
9、h,leave，等。如：，等。如：V-ing形式作宾语补足语时，往形式作宾语补足语时，往往同宾语存在逻辑主谓关系。往同宾语存在逻辑主谓关系。-1.He was often heard_(sing)the English songs.2.He was heard _(sing)the English song when I passed by.3.He left the fire _(burn)all night.4.The student was caught _(cheat)in the exam.PracticeFill in the blanks with the verb given
10、in its proper form.to singsingingburningcheating-当我们回到学校时当我们回到学校时,发现一个陌生人站在大门口。发现一个陌生人站在大门口。When we returned to the school,we _at the entrance.我发现地板上放着一个包。我发现地板上放着一个包。I _on the ground.那老板让工人整夜地工作。那老板让工人整夜地工作。The boss _the whole night.found a stranger standingfound a bag lyingkept/had the workers wor
11、kingPracticeComplete the sentences:-with+宾语宾语+to do With+宾语宾语+done With+宾语宾语+doing1.With so many difficult problems _(solve),he could travel with his wife.2.With so many difficult problems _(solve),he couldnt travel with his wife.3.With the man _(solve)so many difficult problems,he could travel with
12、 his wife.4.He had to come back home with his money_/_(用光）用光）solvedto solveslovingrunning outrun out of-他对母亲的关爱很感人。他对母亲的关爱很感人。His concern for his mother is _.三、三、V ing used as predicativetouching/moving-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，现在分词作表形式作表语时放在系动词之后，现在分词作表语语,相当于形容词相当于形容词,表示主语的性质表示主语的性质 The film is interesting
13、.小提示小提示：动名词和现在分词可用：动名词和现在分词可用very来鉴来鉴别别:在在v-ing前加上前加上very句意说得通的是现在分句意说得通的是现在分词词,说不通的是动名词说不通的是动名词.-interesting使人感兴趣的 interested感兴趣的exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的 delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的 puzzle
14、d感到费解的satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的 surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的 worried感到担心的-1.There was a terrible noise _the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed2.It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A.to burn B.burn C.burning D.burnedMultiple
15、 choice:-3.The flowers _sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt4.The old man,_abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked-5.He looked around and caught a m
16、an _ his hand into the pocket into a passengerA.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting6.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking B.C.to smoke D.smoked-四、四、V-ing used as an adverb:V-ing词组可以在句中充当时间、原词组可以在句中充当时间、原 因因、结果结果、条件条件、伴随伴随、让步等状语。让步等状语。-ing短语作时间状语一般置于句首
17、。如：短语作时间状语一般置于句首。如：Hearing the bad news,they couldnt help crying.=When they heard the bad news,they couldnt help crying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。来。1.作时间状语作时间状语收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。_ I decided to write back.=_,I decided to write backHaving received his letterAfter I had
18、received his letter，-Asking around,I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly._,I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.When I ask around-_(observe)the problem for many years,he a
19、nnounced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time._years,he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.当现在分词短语用来表示时间时，当现在分词短语用来表示时间时，可以和可以和when,after 等引导的时间状语从句互换等引导的时间状语从句互换Having observedAfter he had observed the problem for many,_(cr
20、iticize)by the teacher,he gave up smoking.被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了Having been criticizedAfter he had benn criticized_by the teacher,he gave up smoking-ing短语作原因状语。如：短语作原因状语。如：Being so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.=Because/since/as he was so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.因为太生气了，他不能入睡。因为太生气了，他不能入睡。2.作原因状语作原因状语Not
21、knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with him_we couldnt get in touch with himAs/Because/Since we didnt know her adress，-We are making bigger holes in the nets,_(hope)to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.We are making bigger holes in the nets,because we hope to avoid catching fish
22、that are not fully grown.=_(not know)what to do,I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道该做什么，我只好在家里等着不知道该做什么，我只好在家里等着_,I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.hopingNot knowingAs I didnt know what to do-_(suffer)from heart disease for years,he had to take much medicine._ _,he had to tak
23、e much medicineHaving sufferedAs/Because he had suffered from heartdesease for years-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Working hard,you will succeed.=If you work hard,you will succeed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。3.作条件状语作条件状语注意：_,and you will succeed.Work hard-_(prepare)fully,we can achieve great thin
24、gs._,we can achieve great things._,and we can achieve great things.当现在分词用来表示条件时，可以当现在分词用来表示条件时，可以和和if引导的条件状语从句互换引导的条件状语从句互换PreparingIf we prepare fullyPrepare fully比较下面三个句子，体味其不同之处比较下面三个句子，体味其不同之处第一个句中第一个句中we的前面可以加一个的前面可以加一个and 吗？吗？为什么？为什么？-The factory keeps releasing smoke,making the air dirty.The
25、factory keeps releasing smoke,（非限制性定语从句）（非限制性定语从句）which makes the air dirtyShe does exercise for anhour every day,causing her to keep a slim figure.She does exercise for an hour every day,_her to keep a slim figure.She does exercise for an hour every day。_,she keeps a slim figure.4.作结果状语作结果状语which c
26、ausesThe factory keeps releasing smoke._ the air is made dirty.As a result,As a result-The couple went shopping.As a result,they left their eldest daughter alone at home.=The couple went shopping,_(leave)their eldest daughter alone at home.=The couple went shopping,_their eldest daughter alone at ho
27、me.(用非用非限制性定语从句）限制性定语从句）leavingwhich left当现在分词短语用来表结果时，可以和当现在分词短语用来表结果时，可以和as a result 引导的结果状语从句互换。引导的结果状语从句互换。也相当于也相当于which引导一个非限制性定语从句引导一个非限制性定语从句-They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.=They sang and laughed;they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。他们又唱又笑地走进教室。5.作伴随状语作伴随状语-The students
28、 came in,_(follow)their teacher.My cousin came to see me from the country,_(bring)me a full basket of fresh fruits.following bringing-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或短语作让步状语，可置于句首或 句末，常与句末，常与even if,though 连用。如：连用。如：6.作让步状语作让步状语Though working from morning till night,his father didnt get enough food.=Although his f
29、ather worked from morning till night,he didnt get enough food.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。是挣不到足够的吃的。-When _(develop)the economy,we have to take environmental protection into consideration.这是一个省略句，请补充完整这是一个省略句，请补充完整developing_,we have to take environmental protection into consider
30、ation.When we are developing the economy While _in Beijing,he came to see me twice.=_,he came to see me twice.stayingWhile he was staying in Beijing思考下面的句子：思考下面的句子：-小小 结结:1.连词连词+现在分词短语也可用来表示时间，常用的现在分词短语也可用来表示时间，常用的连词有连词有when,while,相当于这些连引导的一个从句。相当于这些连引导的一个从句。-2.动词动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句
31、的主语保持一致。辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。-He traveled on the plane like this,keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket._ the bad news,he couldnt help bursting into tears.A.Heard B.Having heardB.C.Hearing D.Having been heardC._ to the school building,the visitors were led to see the library.D.Being shown B.ShownE.C.Havi
32、ng been shown D.Having shown(keeping的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致，都是的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致，都是he)-1.a.Hearing the news,tears ran down her face.b.Hearing the news,she cried out sadly.2.a.Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.b.Entering the classroom,nobody was found in it.3.a.Looking out through the window,the garden wa
33、s beautiful.b.Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.4.a.Reading the evening newspaper,a dog started barking.b.I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.Choose the correct sentence.-完成主动式完成主动式1.Having finished her homework,shewent to bed.2.Having heard this,the
34、 woman astronautexpressed her satisfaction.分词所表示的动作发生在句中分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词谓语动词所表示的动所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语时间或原因状语用，用，不能做不能做定语用。定语用。-一般被动式一般被动式表示正在发生的被动动作表示正在发生的被动动作,在句中作定语或在句中作定语或状语。状语。The car being repaired is mine.The car which is being repaired is mine.Being repaired,the car cant be used.
35、As/Because it is being repaired,the car cant be used.-完成被动式：完成被动式：表示发生在谓语动作之前的表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作被动动作，在，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。句中多作状语，不能作定语。Having been praised a second time,Idecided to make still greater progress.Having been asked to stay,I couldntvery well leave.-非谓语动词的否定式均为非谓语动词的否定式均为not+not+非谓语动词非谓语动词 现在分词的
36、否定形式现在分词的否定形式 not+现在分词现在分词（完成的否定式（完成的否定式not 放在放在having之前）之前）Not knowing how to dye the silk red,hewent to her for help.Not having heard from her son for along time,the mother worried a great deal.-一些独立结构一些独立结构：1.Generally _(speak),we have learnt a lot in this school.2._(judge)from his appearance,he
37、is somebody.3._(tell)you the truth,your work is terrible.speakingJudgingTo tell-1._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not receiving B.Not to receive C.Not having received D.Having not received2.Alice returned from the managers office,_me that the boss wanted to see me at once.（04 全国全国IV）A.
38、having told B.tells C.to tell D.telling-3._ in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B.Have waited C.Having waited D.To have waited4.I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.A.going on B.goes on C.went on D.to go on-3._ in the queue for
39、half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B.Have waited C.Having waited D.To have waited4.I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.A.going on B.goes on C.went on D.to go on-1.Their car was caught in a traffic jam,thus _ the delay.A.to cause B.causing C.ca
40、used D.cause2.The _ boy was last seen _ near the bank of the lake.A.missing;playing B.missing;play C.missed;played D.missed;to playExercise-3.After seeing the movie,_.A.the book was read by him B.the book made him want to read it C.he wanted to read the book D.the reading of the book interested him-
41、4.The next morning she found the man in bed,_ dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying5.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed-6.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.pre
42、pared D.was preparingThe secretary worked late into the night_ a long speech for the president.A-7.Johns bad habit is _ without thorough understanding.A.read B.being read C.to be read D.reading8._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not re
43、ceived-考例考例1 A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.（NMET 2003）A.smoke B.smoking B.C.to smoke D.smoked.考点考点 V-ing形式作宾语补足语。形式作宾语补足语。-考例考例2 We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs,_ that all children like these things.(2006全国全国卷卷III)A.thinking B.think
44、 C.to think D.thought考点考点 V-ing形式作原因状语。形式作原因状语。-考例考例3 While watching television,_.（2005全国卷全国卷II）A the doorbell rang B the doorbell ringsC we heard the doorbell ringD we heard the doorbell rings考点考点 当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。须与句子的主语保持一致。-考例考例4 The old man,_ abroad for twenty years,i
45、s on the way back to his motherland.(2004 江苏江苏)A.to workB.workingC.to have workedD.having worked 考点考点 当分词作时间状语时当分词作时间状语时-考例考例5 _ the programme,they have to stay there for another two weeks.（广东（广东2004）A.Not completingB.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Having not completed考点考点 非谓语动词的否定形式非谓语动词的否定形式-
