1、Indoor Air Pollution Reasons for Special Concern7590%of time spent indoors Time depends on season,age,gender,health statusMany air pollutants known to be hazardous to health are emitted indoorsIndoor environments trap pollutants Levels may be 2 to 5 times higher than outsideAir Inside a Building Can
2、 Be Polluted as a Result ofEnergy conservation measures “Air tightening”of buildingsVentilation 通风通风,standards lowered 流通空气流通空气Building occupancyHuman activities inside the structureGas-off from synthetic building materials合成的合成的,人造的人造的,综合的综合的Reliance on forced air ventilation systemsBiogenic pollut
3、ants Aeropathogens 病原体病原体(物物)Aeroallergens 医医 高空过敏症高空过敏症,气源性致敏原气源性致敏原Infiltration from outdoors 渗透渗透 Molds and fungi,combustion sources,animal dander,outdoor air pollutionReactivity of pollutantsPoor housing conditions Vermin and pests 有害物有害物害虫害虫,寄生虫寄生虫,害兽害兽,害鸟害鸟,歹徒歹徒Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants
4、SourcesPollutants Soil and groundwaterRadon and radioactive progenyBuilding materials and furnishings(carpeting,paint,varnish,adhesives)Formaldehyde,asbestos,vinyl chloride,organic fumes Personal activities and hobbiesCigarette smoking,fireplace smoke,solvent and glue fumesAppliances,cooking,and hea
5、tingCarbon monoxide,natural gas,cooking odors,boiler and heater fumesSources of Indoor Air PollutantsMore Sources of Indoor Air PollutantsSourcesPollutantsHousehold chemicals(bleach,oven cleaner,insect sprays,nail polish,hair spray)Ammonia,hydrogen chloride,pesticides,organic fumes,aerosolsElectroni
6、c equipment and wiringOrganic fumes,electromagnetic radiationPetsHair,feces,proteins,dustPlantsPollen,hydrocarbonsMore Sources of Indoor Air PollutantsThe Stack Effect Air Pollution in the Home Air Exchange RateRate at which air is replaced in the structure by external air 外部的外部的,客观的客观的,医医外用的外用的,外国的
7、外国的,表面的表面的n.外部外部,外面外面 Average for American home:0.7 to 1.0 air changes per hour Tightly sealed homes without provisions for and exchange:0.2 air changes per hourMake-up air(from outside)Before 1973:15 cubic feet per minute(cfm)per person 立方英尺立方英尺/分分 After 1973:5.0 cfm per personEnvironmental Smoke(E
8、TS)Selected Toxins and Carcinogens in Cigarette 毒素 致癌物质Ratio of selected toxic T and carcinogenic C agents in side-stream(SS)smoke and mainstream smoke(MS)侧流烟侧流烟Chemical Ratio of SS/MS Carbon monoxide T3-15Benzene C8-10Formaldehyde C甲醛 50Hydrazine C3Ammonia T46Tar C1-16Nicotine T烟碱1-21Benzoa pyreneC
9、3-20Cadmium C 镉7Nickel C镍13-20Source:Samet,J.Selected Toxins and Carcinogens in Cigarette毒素 致癌物质Ratio of selected toxic T and carcinogenic C agents in side-stream(SS)smoke and mainstream smoke(MS)侧流烟侧流烟Tobacco Smoke,Women,and Lung CancerLung cancer in women according to the presence of direct and in
10、voluntary smoking Standard Field Survey of Indoor RSPField survey of indoor respirable 可呼吸的 suspended particulates(RSP)ETS Particle Size DistributionComparison of Air Pollutant EmissionsComparison of air pollutant emissions from energy equivalent fuels(kg)in Role of Biofuels Cooking and Heating Sour
11、ce:Emissions of TSP in Small Stoves for Various BiofuelsEmission of total suspended particulates(TSP)in small open cook stoves for various biofuels n.(n.(家畜的家畜的)粪粪vtvt.施粪肥于施粪肥于Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass CombustionSources of VOCs in Indoor AirSource:Samet,J.Selected VOCs in Indoor and Outdoor
12、Air Source:Data from(February 1998).Scientific American.Selected Indoor Aeroallergens and AeropathogensBacteria Staphylococcus aureus Legionella Escherichia coli Salmonella spp.Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacter.tuberculosis Klebsiella pneumoniaeMore Indoor Aeroallergens and AeropathogensYeasts.酵母,发酵
13、粉 Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiaeViruses 微病毒,滤过性微生物,毒害,恶毒Fungi 真菌类(包括霉菌,食用伞菌,酵母菌等),似真菌的,由真菌引起 Aspergillus niger Penicillium funicolosum Trichophyton spp.Amoeba 阿米巴,变形虫Arthropods 节肢动物 Mites,cockroachesDander 头垢,头皮屑 Cat,dog,hamsterRegulatory Jurisdictions n.权限Outdoor air:EPA,clean air act(CA
14、A)Occupational air:OSHAIndoor air(apart from occupational air)No specific federal laws State and local jurisdictions regulate air quality in public buildingsStandards in ventilation and air exchange ratesControlling activities(e.g.,smoking)Limit use of products that affect air qualityPrivate residen
15、ce Must rely on educationBuilding-Related IllnessDiscrete,identifiable disease or illness 不连续的,离散的 可以确认的Can be traced to a specific pollutant or sources within a buildingCough,chest tightness,fever,chills,muscle aches,or more serious outcomesLegionnaires disease,hypersensitivity 军团病（一种大叶性肺炎）超敏性 pneu
16、monitis,humidifier fever 肺炎 增湿器,湿润器,湿度调节器Sick-Building Syndrome(SBS)Set of symptoms associated with time spent in building Respiratory tract irritation,skin irritation,headache,dizziness,nausea,fatigue,疲乏 头昏眼花 反胃,晕船,恶心,concentration problemsSymptoms diminish or cease when occupants leave the buildin
17、gCannot be traced to specific pollutants or sources within the buildingRelated to multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)综合病症综合病症Key Points:IndoorsWe spend up to 90%of our lives indoorsThe indoor environment contains many toxicants,either because theyre emitted indoors(e.g.,VOCs or ETS)or because theyre
18、 trapped due to energy conservation measures(e.g.,respirable particles or radon)ETS is a major source of toxic and carcinogenic agents that are less completely combusted in SS than in MS smokeBuilding-related illness has traceable etiology,whereas sick-building syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity do not
