1、托福写作之段落展开上下义词toolstablewarevehiclesinstrumentsspoonschopsticksforkscarsshipsplanesPercussion instrumentsorchestratruckstractorssedansSUVsMercedesBMWToyota上下义词toolstablewarevehiclesinstrumentsspoonschopsticksforkscarsshipsplanestruckstractorssedansSUVsMercedesBMWToyotaPercussion instrumentsorchestra上
2、义词到下义词的演变过程上下义词toolsvehiclescarssedansToyota主题句主题句分论点分论点支持分论支持分论点的细节点的细节Well-organized、Well-developed Unity，Progression Introduction、Body、Conclusion必须完整 Introduction部分体现thesis statement body分body paragraphs；transitional words 每个body paragraph 中有topic sentence(sub point)并都支持thesis statement topic sen
3、tence尽量置于段首，每个topic sentence都得到充分展开。段内每个句子都支持topic sentence.conclusion重申thesis statement。1.词汇和固定短语要识记，主要是3类:环境的，经济的，社会进步等题目经常涉及的名词或者名词短语;表示程度等的形容词和能够恰当修饰动词的副词;起承转合作用的连接词和短语。2.在正确，易懂的基础上，力求句型的变化多端，插入语，从句，倒装，虚拟等。3.看清题目要求写什么，有比较的，要写出两者的不同，不要只说你支持的。4.不同的reason不要糅合到一块去，每段中心要明确，且reason段落要用英文写作的方式，开门见山的在段落
4、开头指出;既然要成段，那么你 所选择的topic sentence一定要能扩展，也就是有东西好写，而且容易些。虽然一个论点你可能有N个理由，但那些很有道理，但是你用英文无法表达清 楚的，就不用写了，这不是上万字的论文。6.分论点一出就要有example，两三个case足以,并且事例逻辑上能够支持原因。7.整篇文章不要出现第二人称you，your，这是前辈的指点(指点了pumpkin，然后她又“数落”我的)，多用people;你想，you就是阅卷人，你凭什么张口就用人家的书面语言教导人家呢?8.个人的观点:尽可能的避免单独使用he/she，考虑到性别歧视问题。但是，如果你要顶字数的话，也请用 h
5、e or she。9.口语化是初级者的大问题之一，写作文的时候往往是先想中文该怎么说，然后做个翻译工作;本来对非母语就很能驾驭，这样一来，说大白话，就直接导致句式的单一;所以还是要看看真题阅读文章的文法。use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 要求通过使用清晰而又合适恰当的解释、例子等细节做到全文良好的组织和良好的展开。理由和例子势必是全文必备之精华。段落展开的方法有很多，举例论证、因果论证、对比论证还有让步论证等 举例论证：提出论点适当延伸支持论点给出例证（细节）得出结论。即每个论点都要有理由，每个理由都要有例子，每个
6、例子都要有细节。p 中间段的写作中间段的写作从例证的内容来看，我们可以使用个人经历、一从例证的内容来看，我们可以使用个人经历、一般性例子、假设情况、名人事例、调查研究和权般性例子、假设情况、名人事例、调查研究和权威引言。威引言。2022-11-2310一，个人事例Whenitcomestothemeritsacquiredfrompart-timejobs,IcouldthinkofnobetterillustrationthanthefollowingoneofmypersonalexperienceDuringthesummervocationofthefreshmanyear,Ifoun
7、dapart-timejobinMcDonalds,servingasawaitress.Frommorningtillnight,whendealingwithvariouskindsofcustomers,Ihadtoadjustmymentalityandchangedmytoneinordertoreacttothem.Besides,tobecooperativeandhelpfulwhencommunicatingwith colleaguesandtobemodestandrespectfulwhentalkingwithleadersare,indeed,dailyattent
8、ionforme.Obviously,afteramonthspart-timejob,mycommunicationskillshadbeenimproveddefinitely.Group tours plan travelers entire route.Because their trip has already been arranged,people do not have to worry about where they are going or how they are getting there.For example,my family once took a packa
9、ge tour to America.The travel agency arranged everything.It took care of the hotel reservations,transportation,and sightseeing.Thanks to the travel agency,we could just relax and enjoy our entire trip.二 一般性例子2)Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby,while a person who sits at
10、 a desk should have a lively hobby.Doctors think that an active person,such as a baseball player or a swimmer,should have a restful hobby such as reading,collections of stamps,dolls,buttons or shells and so on,while a person who sits at a desk all day,such as a teacher or a doctor should have a live
11、ly hobby such as tennis,golf,swimming or skating.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作p In addition,innovation makes difference.Especially in todays business world,since competition is becoming increasingly fierce,differentiation plays an indispensable part in business success.A creative idea in the marketing department m
12、eans remarkable increase in sales and tremendous margin of profits.For example,Avon,one of the most famous cosmetic producers,creates a distribution system as direct sales by Avon Ladies.They encourage their existing customer to work as their sales representatives,selling their products to friends,f
13、amilies and neighbors.Having experience in using the products in person,words of these Avon Ladies are convincing to others and make unexpectedly great effects to increase the sales.Companies that only stick to traditional ways are at a severe disadvantage to those that make effective use of creativ
14、e thinking.2022-11-2315三 假设情况Let us consider the following hypothetical situation.If your friend had worn a newly purchased dress on her birthday and energetically asked you if it was a worthy buy.Would you freely express your opinion that you had never seen a dress as the one she was wearing and ju
15、st spoiled her birthday?Inarguably,hiding the truth in some situations can be quite handy indeed.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作 (2007.6.2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.Before going to university,one should spend a year on travel or taking one job.1.Taking a job before university study allows
16、 you clearly know what you should get from university.（2）举在Google上班的话，那么会意识到要好好学习计算机和数学。2022-11-2317p 中间段的写作中间段的写作 (2007.6.2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.Before going to university,one should spend a year on travel or taking one job.2.The tedious knowledge of university will
17、 be more acceptable and interesting if traveling before university.（1）如果travel到过Princeton的校园，见过爱因斯坦工作的高等研究中心，在学到相对论（theory of relativity）的时候会更有兴趣。（2）如果travel到希腊雅典，比如去过雅典卫城，奥林匹斯山、雅典的博物馆，古竞技场。当学到奥运的起源，西方哲学的时候，你就更有兴趣。（3）如果见过陈列在巴黎卢浮宫(Louvre Museum)的蒙娜丽莎的画像，你就能接受为什么老师说它是世界上最美的肖像画。2022-11-2318四，名人事迹 苹果公司的
18、缔造者史蒂夫乔布斯可能因为压力而罹患癌症，于56岁逝世。architect Steve Jobs,the architect of Apple,got cancer probably because of working pressure and died at the age of 56.“健康”当李安穷困时，他没有羡慕富人，没有放弃电影事业，最终成为著名的电影导演。Be envious of When Ang Lee was poor,he was not envious of the rich,did not give up his career in films and eventua
19、lly became a famous film director.“不怕起点低”，“坚持自己道路”，“自信”等成功话题 博尔特认识到并发展自己在跑步方面独特的天赋，最终打破100米短跑世界纪录。Bolt recognized and developed his unique talent foot running and finally became the world record breaker for the 100-meter race.“正确认识自己”“保持个性”“寻找适合自己的道路”博尔特（Usain St.Leo Bolt），牙买加短跑运动员。身材高大的博尔特创下惊人的短跑成绩
20、，他是当今男子100米、男子200米短跑和男子400米接力赛的世界纪录保持者 2008年一部成功的美国电影-功夫熊猫 ，基于以中国为主题的故事，结合了中国传统智慧和美国主流思想。mainstream thoughts Kongfu Panda,a successful American film in 2008,is based on a Chinese themed story and combines Chinese traditional wisdom and American mainstream thoughts.“文化融合”“创新”“借鉴，学习”等。奥巴马，虽然生于一个普通，贫穷的
21、家庭，仍然因为坚定的信念，清晰的目标和持续的努力成为了美国总统。Though born in a common and poor family,Obama finally became the American president because of his firm belief,clear objective and constant efforts.“出身与成功无关”“信念”“目标”“坚持”甚至最好的球员也会把球踢飞，被挡出的球比踢进的球多得多。但问题是得分多的球员总是攻门最多的球员。Miss the goal block Even the best players miss the
22、goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones take the most shots at the goal.“勇于尝试”“不怕失败”“把握机会”居里夫人对世界来说是诺贝尔奖获得者，对她的女儿来说是位好老师。她对知识好奇，对成功冷静，这为女儿伊莲娜提供了好的教育，帮助伊莲娜获得自己的诺贝尔奖。Nobel prize Madame Curie is the Nobel Prize win
23、ner for the world and a good teacher for her daughter.She was curious about knowledge and calm about success,which provided a good lesson to her daughter Irene and helped Irene win her own Nobel Prize.“谦虚”“好奇心”“家庭教育”网络带来了没有地理界线的商业，提供了越来越多的网络顾客，使卖商品更便捷。从这个意义上讲，网络间接促进了生产。Geographic boundary The Intern
24、et brings about business despite geographic boundaries and provides a growing number of Internet customers,which makes it convenient to sell products.In this sense,the Internet indirectly boosts production.“科技 ”“创新”“改革”对社会变迁的作用 基因图谱是由全世界数学家一起完成的奇迹。波音飞机由世界工厂生产的零件组装而成。另外，自从团结所有的力量后，2008金融危机得到了缓和。Genet
25、ic map,boeing plane,assemble,ease Genetic map is a miracle created by thousands of scientists around the world.The Boeing planes are assembled with the parts produced in global factories.The financial crisis in 2008 has been eased since all forces were united.“合作”杰克韦尔奇小时候有严重的结巴，经常受到嘲笑。但是，他妈妈鼓励他“你的脑子
26、如此聪明，世上没有舌头可以赶上它的运转速度。”这激励了小杰克的自信，这坚定的自信让他在商业领域成为传奇。In his childhood,Jack Welch had serious stammer which made him a laughingstock.However,his mother encouraged him,“Your brain is so clever that not tongue in the world could catch up with it.”This inspires little Jacks confidence and the firm self-b
27、elief makes him a legend in business circles.“鼓励”“自信”“乐观”“家庭教育”.他被誉为最受尊敬的CEO，全球第一CEO，美国当代最成功最伟大的企业家.如今，通用电气旗下已有12个事业部成为其各自的市场上的领先者 六，引用名言：One of the great philosopher once remarked that.Now,it still has a realistic significance.或者There is no denying/doubt that等等，考生应当注重积累。逆境 by Robert Collier 罗伯特柯里尔
28、In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage.In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.Success is the sum of small efforts,repeated day in and day out.动机与结果 Vince Lombardi 文斯伦巴蒂 Winning isnt everything,but wanting to win is.计划与工作 Norman Vince
29、nt Peale诺曼文森特皮尔 Plan your work for today and every day;then work your plan 想象力 Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge.挑战：Walter Begehot沃尔特白芝浩 The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.化整为零 HenryFord 亨利福特 Nothingisparticularlyhardifyoudivideitintosmalljob
30、s.五，引用数据，可以说A recent research,conducted by the talent market,after polling thousands of people from all walks of life,has found that；或者Statistic from the daily newspaper indicates surprisingly that,approximately 80%of the citizens acknowledged that p 中间段的写作中间段的写作pThe example that can support my idea
31、 is.The example of can support my idea.is a good example which can support my idea.To support my idea,there is one good example.A good example in point is To take as an example.The most obvious example of this reason is For instance,2022-11-2341IBT Writing42p 列举数据列举数据常用句式：常用句式：According to the recen
32、t surveys conducted by,The latest surveys show that Many investigations show that Many surveys were carried out on,the results of which were surprising.According to some investigations,The recent many surveys revealed that p 中间段的写作中间段的写作列举论证4)We can be informed of a lot by reading books.By reading s
33、cientific books,we can be informed of many facts;by reading geography,we know the earth surface,forms,physical features and so on;by reading history,we are told of the growth of the nations.方法二：因果论证方法二：因果论证p 中间段的写作中间段的写作 因因 往前分析：什么使得这一观点、现象、往前分析：什么使得这一观点、现象、做法成立做法成立 果果 往后分析：这一观点、现象、做法带来什往后分析：这一观点、现象
34、、做法带来什么好处或坏处么好处或坏处2022-11-234445p 如果不如果不基本句式：基本句式：By contrast,without If we dont have in our lives,We can not imagine the situation without One hundred years ago when we didnt have in our lives,Things would be completely different without in our lives.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作2022-11-232022-11-2346Eating at re
35、staurant can save a lot of time.（主题句）We can hardly imagine the situation without restaurants in our lives.Living under the high-pressure and fast-pace living style,people have found they need restaurant when they dont have enough time to enjoy their own cooking.Without restaurants and the services o
36、ffered by them,people will have to spend long time going to groceries and cooking by themselves.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作 Internet is considered as a way with low cost and high efficiency to gain information.Things would be completely different without internet in our life.A investor being urgent to know what
37、happened in the stock market in financial crisis,can not be helped and offered information by internet.The long time needed for him to find the stock price will results in the huge lose in a high possibility.2022-11-2348pCommon knowledge is that advertising refers to present information relating to
38、a product or service by a variety of media.With the presence of advertising,a consumer is able to acquire latest information in the market,such as properties of a product or service,and thereby make a wiser buying decision.By contrast,without advertising,a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a pro
39、duct that fails to meet all of his or her needs,because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作p 中间段的写作中间段的写作p 原因阐述的句式原因阐述的句式:p contribute to/serve as a contributor top doing 句式，句式，leading to 句式句式p results inp The cause of is considered asp In most cases,p allow sb.t
40、he N to do sth.2022-11-23492022-11-2350p引导因果论证的句子引导因果论证的句子p As a result,p In the case that/ofp Supposep Therefore,p It accounts forp with 语句语句p 中间段的写作中间段的写作 Nowadays there is often a misunderstanding between parents and children.The most obvious reason for this lack of communication is that they gre
41、w up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the things around them.Also the parents is often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of the children when there is a misunderstanding.Both of them take it for granted that there is a generation gap.2022-11-2352In
42、 the contemporary world,more opportunities are available for us to know other people who are outside the family.Therefore,when we face some difficulties we can turn to these friends for help,making us rely less on people in the extended family.p 中间段的写作中间段的写作p 中间段的写作中间段的写作1.Pay for public transportat
43、ion can ease the situation of traffic conjunction.If do so,the bus or MRT(Mass Rapid Transit)companies can afford the higher quality of buses and trains or even offer the customized services,attracting increasing passengers to choose taking bus and MRT.Then driving a private car will be a costly and
44、 the second choice if outing.2022-11-2353p 中间段的写作中间段的写作Existing friendship are strengthened and new friends are made during sports and social activities.In these activities,students can share opinions with each other,some of whom may come from different schools that they would never meet otherwise.T
45、hese activities offer students with different background,academic focuses and personalities to communicate freely.While doing sports,they can talk about issues they are all interested in,seeking common points while reserving differences.2022-11-2354对比论证 如何实现对比 不同条件导出不同结果 因果推论可以对比 例证可以对比 物例可以对比，有它没它结
46、果不同 事例可以对比，同一个人的不同做法 结果不同，不同人的不同做法，结果不同 Wed better to keep company with the true friends.As friends are both helpful and disastrous,it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful,encouraging and loyal,but to avoid those who are mean,stingy and treacherous.It is convenient and eff
47、icient to have fast food.In contrast,traditional food is time-consuming and usually costs several hours to have one meal.In the current fast-pace society,fast food solves the problem well.One can finish a meal within 10-20 minutes,saving much time and energy.In addition,innovation makes differentiat
48、ion.Especially in todays business world,since competition is becoming increasingly fierce,differentiation plays an indispensable part in business success.By contract,without any creative idea,the outdated product is impossible to bring marketable increase in sales and tremendous margin of profits.让步
49、论证 应当按照三部曲进行：1）写出一个反方观点 2）进行一定程度的削弱 3）重申自己的观点。For further career success,is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?Admittedly,acquiring an excellent GPA is one significant proof of your ability,for study is one of the major tasks that students are supposed to fulfill
50、 in school.However,the outstanding scores only prove the intelligence of the student,while the EQ,largely reflected by how well you relate with others,plays an utmost significant role in the future career success.therefore,I still hold the opinion that relate well with others is more important than
