1、课件课件课件前前 言言 我国大学英语教学改革正朝着实用方向发展。我国大学英语教学改革正朝着实用方向发展。大学英语课程教学要求大学英语课程教学要求中对写作的实用性提出中对写作的实用性提出了具体要求。特别是了具体要求。特别是高职高专教育英语课程基本高职高专教育英语课程基本要求要求中对学生的写作能力培养做出了明确规定。中对学生的写作能力培养做出了明确规定。即：即：“能填写和模拟套写简短的英语应用文，如填能填写和模拟套写简短的英语应用文，如填写表格与单证，套写简历、通知、信函等。写表格与单证，套写简历、通知、信函等。”为了为了给广大的英语学习者以及努力想通过给广大的英语学习者以及努力想通过“高等学校英
2、高等学校英语应用能力考试语应用能力考试”的学生提供一本内容实用、语言的学生提供一本内容实用、语言规范、查找方便、配有练习、涵盖面广的教材，我规范、查找方便、配有练习、涵盖面广的教材，我们编写了这本们编写了这本英语应用文写作英语应用文写作。课件课件本书特点如下：本书特点如下：1.指导性指导性 本书对各类英语应用文的写法按类型、格式、本书对各类英语应用文的写法按类型、格式、语言特点、常用句型等加以全面介绍。语言特点、常用句型等加以全面介绍。2针对性针对性 本书针对本书针对“高等学校英语应用能力考试高等学校英语应用能力考试”的写的写作要求结合历年实考真题进行归纳、剖析作要求结合历年实考真题进行归纳、
3、剖析,使使学习者通过学习不仅能获取有针对性的指导还学习者通过学习不仅能获取有针对性的指导还能接触到最新、最全的考试信息，以便有针对能接触到最新、最全的考试信息，以便有针对性地迎考备考。性地迎考备考。课件课件3实用性实用性本书在编写中针对高职学生的实际英语写作水本书在编写中针对高职学生的实际英语写作水平，本着帮助他们在打好英语写作的基础上，平，本着帮助他们在打好英语写作的基础上，侧重培养其写作应用文能力。书中提供了大量侧重培养其写作应用文能力。书中提供了大量的范文及实用写作方面的用语，设计了大量的的范文及实用写作方面的用语，设计了大量的练习，以方便学生模仿。练习，以方便学生模仿。英语应用文写作英
4、语应用文写作旨在培养学生借助英文旨在培养学生借助英文进行实际写作的能力。本教材主要包括基础写进行实际写作的能力。本教材主要包括基础写作知识、作知识、“英语应用能力考试英语应用能力考试”所涉及到的英所涉及到的英语应用文写作，如英文信函的常规写作格式，语应用文写作，如英文信函的常规写作格式，公务信函、商务信函、私人信函、电子邮件以公务信函、商务信函、私人信函、电子邮件以及及课件课件 其他类型应用体裁文章的写作方法及大学英其他类型应用体裁文章的写作方法及大学英语四级考试作文所涉及到的应用文题材的写语四级考试作文所涉及到的应用文题材的写作知识。本课程在讲解这些文体时以多媒体作知识。本课程在讲解这些文体
5、时以多媒体课件的方式展示大量的范文、格式说明、语课件的方式展示大量的范文、格式说明、语言特点、常用句型、历年言特点、常用句型、历年“英语应用能力考英语应用能力考试试”真题、同步练习等，使学生通过实例、真题、同步练习等，使学生通过实例、讲解以及写作练习了解并熟练掌握各种常用讲解以及写作练习了解并熟练掌握各种常用应用文的格式，以求提高学生的实际写作能应用文的格式，以求提高学生的实际写作能力，提高英语考试的力，提高英语考试的“过级率过级率”。课件课件 本书在编写过程中参阅了大量的国内外本书在编写过程中参阅了大量的国内外出版的写作教程。在此，谨向有关作者致以诚出版的写作教程。在此，谨向有关作者致以诚挚
6、的谢意。由于时间仓促，水平有限，书中疏挚的谢意。由于时间仓促，水平有限，书中疏漏之处在所难免，祈望各位同仁不吝赐教。漏之处在所难免，祈望各位同仁不吝赐教。实用英语应用文写作实用英语应用文写作编写组编写组20092009年年1212月月课件课件常用书信写作常用书信写作商务信函写作商务信函写作广告文档写作广告文档写作 写作基础知识写作基础知识 公文写作的基本知识公文写作的基本知识 课件课件 英语句子英语句子（Sentences）英语段落（英语段落（Paragraphs）英语篇章（英语篇章（Essay）第一章第一章 写作基础知识写作基础知识 (Basic Writing Skills)课件课件第一节
7、第一节 英语句子英语句子(Sentences)1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子课件课件1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject 主语主语V=Verb 动词动词 O=Object 宾语宾语 C=Complement 补语补语 A=Adverbial 状语状语课件课件英语的七种基本句型：英语的七种基本句型：SV:主谓主谓 SVO:主谓宾主谓宾 SVC:主谓补
8、主谓补 SVA:主谓状主谓状 SVOO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾 SVOC:主谓宾补主谓宾补 SVOA:主谓宾状主谓宾状 此外还有比较常用的此外还有比较常用的There be 句型，句型，表示表示“存在，有存在，有”课件课件1.SV:The sun is shining.2.SVO:You should also consider this.3.SVC:The apple tastes good.4.SVA:I was at college.5.SVOO:Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility.6.SVO
9、C:That makes me responsible for my own life.7.SVOA:You can put the dish on the table.8.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with.Samples课件课件1.Your dinner seems ready.()2.I must send my parents a Christmas card.()3.That class interested me.()4.My school is on the next street.()5.Many stu
10、dents find that book very helpful.()6.You may put your umbrella under the table.()7.She was smiling.()8.We have made her the head of our group.()同步练习同步练习Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC课件课件1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类（Types of Sentenc
11、es）1.1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句祈使句、感叹句2.2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句并列复合句课件课件陈述句陈述句（Declarative Sentence):a declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilities.He is not the rival in negotiation.疑问句疑问句 (Interrogativ
12、e Sentence):a interrogative sentence asks a question.Will you please pay your prompt attention to this matter?(General Question)Example我们的仓库设施很有限。我们的仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请及时加以注意。对此问题，请及时加以注意。Example课件课件 How old are you?(Special Question)Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow?(Alte
13、rnative Question)You didnt go to Shanghai,did you?(Tag Question)祈使句祈使句(Imperative Sentence):an imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.Please think over the local tax rate.Dont open the door.感叹句感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion.What a le
14、ver boy he is!How careless she is!ExampleExampleExample课件课件简单句简单句（Simple Sentence):a simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause.We would appreciate a prompt reply.并列句并列句（Compound Sentence):a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses.I have finish
15、ed the work,but there is still much to do.ExampleExample课件课件复合句复合句（Complex Sentence):a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses.I was reading a book when he came.并列复合句并列复合句（Compound-complex Sentence):a compound-complex sentence is
16、one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause.In other words,it is a combination of a compound and a complex sentence She wears a red dress when she is in good mood,but she wears a blue one when she is in bad mood.ExampleExample课件课件1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子(Effective Sente
17、nces)什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：课件课件1.1.完整的句子完整的句子 (Completeness)2.2.清晰的句子清晰的句子 (Clarity)3.3.简洁的句子简洁的句子 (Conciseness)4.4.平行结构的句子平行结构的句子（Parallelism)5.5.灵活多变的
18、句子灵活多变的句子 (Variety)课件课件1.1.写完整的句子写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。包括意义上的完整。(1)(1)结构上的完整结构上的完整课件课件Sentence Completeness Wrong:My name Helen.汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省
19、略。我们还可以用省略。我们还可以用that、who或或because之类的词之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：Wrong:They eat rice,and we eat,too.Correct:My name is Helen.Correct:They eat rice,and we eat rice,too.Example课件课件Wrong:Friendly people,another thing I like about college.Correct:Friendly people,thats another thing I like a
20、bout college.Wrong Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly.Because they know how to listen.Correct:Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly because they know how to listen.课件课件None of the following sentences are complete.Make necessary corrections to make t
21、hem complete.1.I dislike dogs because very smelly(气味难闻气味难闻).2.The dogs always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit.-I dislike dogs because they are very smelly.-The dogs are always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit them.3.Ways of naming new babies different around the world.-W
22、ays of naming new babies are different around the world.同步练习同步练习课件课件4.In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing.5.Dogs love to play with sticks.For example,go to get a stick if you throw it.-In Guangzhou,it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogs love to play with sticks.For example,they go to get a stick if y
23、ou throw it.-Its too cold in this room.6.Is too cold in this room.7.Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet.8.A book that you like.-That is a book that you like.-Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet,we dont keep one.课件课件简单陈述句的语序简单陈述句的语序（Word order in Simple Statement
24、s）课件课件 主语部分 谓语部分 1.主语主语Who which what2.动词动词Action(v.)3.宾语宾语Who what which 状语状语4.方式how5.地点where6.时间whenboughta hatyesterdayThe childrenranhomeThe drivershouted at meangrilyThe carstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthe book quietlyin hisroom allafternoon名，代，数，名，代，数，短语，从句短语，从句谓语动词谓语动词名，代宾，数，名，代宾，数，短语，从句短语，从句副词，相当于
25、副词，副词，相当于副词，短语和从句短语和从句ITheyare sittingbehind me课件课件 主语部分 谓语部分 1.2.3.4.5.6.1.The film I enjoyed yesterday2.A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4.A new school built they in our village last year.Ienjoyedthe filmyesterdayHeplanteda treeIn the c
26、ornerof the garden Iborroweda bookfrom the library this morning Theybuilta new schoolin our villagelast year课件课件(2)(2)意义上的完整意义上的完整 意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。能有一个中心思想。请看下列句子：请看下列句子：a.We are going to meet Jean Harris,and she is a professor of English literature.b.Jim is
27、one of the fastest runners.c.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist,and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.Example课件课件 以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.We are going to meet Jean Harris,and she is a professor of English literature.修改：修改：We ar
28、e going to meet Jean Harris,who is a professor of English literature.课件课件b.Jim is one of the fastest runners.修改修改：Jim is one of the fastest runners of our school.c.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist,and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.修改修改：Ernest Hemingway,an American novelist,w
29、on the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.课件课件2.2.写清晰的句子写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)(1)缺乏必要的细节。缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.He loves sports much more than his sister.b.When a person gets marrie
30、d,you take on new responsibilities.c.The city has about one million.课件课件a句既可理解为句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也，也可以理解为可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：的后半部补上相应的谓语：修改修改：He loves sports much more than his sister does.或：He loves sports much more than he loves his s
31、ister.课件课件b.When a person gets married,you take on new responsibilities.b句中的句中的a person和和you 指代不明。指代不明。应改为：应改为：When a person gets married,he takes on new responsibilities.(泛指泛指)或：或：When you get married,you take on new responsibilities.(特指特指)c.The city has about one million.c句中，句中，“one million”究竟指什么，
32、缺乏必要究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：的细节说明，应改为：修改：修改：The city has a population of one million.课件课件(2)(2)缺乏连贯性。缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语
33、、介词短语、从句等）。例如：语、从句等）。例如：a.Some people can not distinguish between colors.they are said to be color-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为应该为：Some people who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded.课件课件b.He found the kitchen window open.He put a ladder against the window.He cli
34、mbed in.此句子可改为：此句子可改为：Finding the kitchen window open,he put a ladder against it and climbed in.课件课件(3)(3)随意转换。随意转换。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。模糊不清。时态的随意转换。时态的随意转换。a.They did not know when they will go to the Great Wall.应改为：应改为：They did not know when
35、 they would go to the Great Wall.课件课件b.He worked late into the night yesterday but gets up early this morning.应改为：应改为：b.He worked late into the night yesterday but got up early this morning.课件课件 语态和主语的随意转换。语态和主语的随意转换。a.He was running very hard in the race and his ankle was broken.应改为：应改为：He was runn
36、ing very hard in the race and broke his ankle.课件课件b.The teacher left the classroom after the lecture was finished.应改为：应改为：The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture.或：或：Having finished the lecture,the teacher left the classroom.课件课件c.She reviewed the lessons and all the exercises a
37、ssigned by the teacher were done.应改为应改为：She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.课件课件 语气随意转换语气随意转换。a.First stop the noise and then you may start discussion.应改为应改为：First stop the noise and then start discussion.课件课件b.Students should learn to solve problems independen
38、tly.Dont rely on your parents help.应改为应改为：b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.They should not rely on their parents help.课件课件 人称和数的随意转换。人称和数的随意转换。a.If one has talents,we will be likely to succeed.应改为：应改为：If one has talents,one will be likely to succeed.或或:If we have talents,we wi
39、ll be likely to succeed.课件课件b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.应改为：应改为：b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.课件课件 代词指代不明。代词指代不明。a.The pollution in this area is serious;they should do something about it.应改为：应改为：The pollution in this area is serious;the government should d
40、o something about it.课件课件同步练习同步练习:Correct the following sentences if necessary 1.There are always a lot of good news over the radio.2.Each of the plans has its advantage.3.Either you or I are to clean the room.4.All those who want to go on the trip should get his equipment ready immediately.is amthe
41、ir课件课件5.Paid little attention to his table manners.6.The teacher giving such a hard exam.-He paid little attention to his table manners.(add a subject)-The teacher is giving such a hard exam.(add a helping verb)课件课件7.When only five years old,my father took me to a circus(杂技团)._ When only five years
42、old,I was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old,my father took me to a circus.8.A car drove down the street decked with ribbon.（用缎带装饰起来的）（用缎带装饰起来的）_ A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.(Misplaced modifier误置修饰语）误置修饰语）课件课件3.3.写简洁的句子写简洁的句子(Conciseness)简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽
43、可能充分简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。句子。课件课件比较下列两个句子：比较下列两个句子：a.He expresses a number of clever expressions much to the audiences delight.He delighted the audience with his clever expressionsb.This morning I went to the classroom,wh
44、en I got there,I saw many people in the classroom.This morning I went to the classroom and saw many people there.课件课件要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1)避免重复意义相同的词。避免重复意义相同的词。a.It was blue in color.b.It was small in size.c.In my opinion,I think your plan is feasible.d.Mary is a quiet and careful woman.
45、以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。课件课件 又如：又如：He gave many reasons for his failure,but the reasons he gave were not convincing.应改为：应改为：He gave many reasons for his failure,but none of them was convincing.Example课件课件(2)避免使用累赘的词避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：词组。例如：a.She was told
46、 of the fact that eating junk food might harm her health.b.Mrs.Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.c.There are some students who cheat in exams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。课件课件同步练习同步练习1.The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age.-The chairman
47、 will retire next year.2.The woman who is dressed in black over there is the person who is now in charge of our sales department.-The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department.课件课件4.4.写平行结构的句子写平行结构的句子（Parallelism)在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词
48、性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。构原则。两三个词性相同的词连成一串，两三个词性相同的词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如：Example课件课件 a.The article is short,informative,and reading it was easy应该为：应该为：The article is short,informative,and easy to read.(three adjectives)b.Knowing what
49、to do and to do it well will bring you success.应该为应该为Knowing what to do and doing it well will bring you success.(two gerund phrases)课件课件再看下例：再看下例：In summary,I do like a lot of things about college,as I said beforebeing on my own,talking with friendly people,having Fridays off.(这里是这里是3个动名词短语并列。个动名词短
50、语并列。)课件课件同步练习同步练习1.She spends her free time reading,listening to music,and she works in the garden.She spends her free time reading,listening to music and working in the garden.课件课件2.The teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it.The teacher told us that we should
