1、专题 定句从句和名词性从句高考英语语法知识总复习高考英语语法知识总复习考点内容关系代词关系代词的作用及常见关系代词的用法关系副词关系副词的作用及常见关系副词的用法非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句在意义和关系词方面的区别考纲解读考纲解读命题规律趋势探究命题规律趋势探究专题 定句从句考频分析考频分析核心考点考查内容考查重点定语从句关系代词关系副词突破方法突破方法1.根据从句前是否有名词或者句子,并被从句修饰来判断。2.根据先行词初步判断关系词。(1)人作为先行词,可供选择的关系词有:who(主宾表),whom(宾表),whose(定),that(主宾表)。(2)物作为先行词,可供选择的关系词有:t
2、hat(主宾表),which(主宾表),whose(定),when(状),why(状),where(状)。人和物共同作先行词时,关系词只能用that。(3)先行词为一个句子时,可用的关系词有as,which。3.分析句子成分,确定具体用词。(1)根据从句中与关系词相关的动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,确定从句所缺成分。(2)根据句意和结构及特殊情况,确定关系词。考点知识全面总结考点知识全面总结考点一关系代词考点一关系代词一、关系代词的作用及分类一、关系代词的作用及分类1.关系代词的作用有三个:(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来;(2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行
3、词;(3)作成分:关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。从句关系代词格用于限制性和非限制性定语从句用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词whowhichthat宾格词who(m)属格词whose/of whomwhose/of whichwhose2.关系代词的用法分类:关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据:(1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;(2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;(3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。二、关系代词二、关系代词that和和which的用法的用法1.限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情况:(1)当先行词是不定代词all,
4、much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等时。如:There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.在这个世界上没有什么事能吓倒他。(2)当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。如:The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money.我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如:Th
5、is is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如:This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗?(6)当主句的主语是疑问词which时。如:Which is the bike that you lost?哪
6、辆是你丢的自行车?(7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that。如:They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产的东西能造成污染。(8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。如:Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。2.当先行词指物或前面整句话时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况:(
7、1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。如:Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,which made one of the Chinese people s long-held dreams come true.莫言2012年被授予诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成了现实。(2)当从句中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。如:Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.枪
8、支控制是美国人争论了很长时间的一个话题。注意:在一些动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如:This is the pen(which/that)I m looking for.这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。不可以说:This is the pen for which I m looking.三、关系代词三、关系代词who,whom,that和和whose的用法的用法当先行词指人:在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,可以省略;在定语从句中作定语时,用whose,不可省略。如:She is the g
9、irl who/that lives next door.(先行词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.(先行词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我教的女孩。This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(先行词在定语从句中作定语)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last nigh
10、t.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.(注意粗体部分的形式和顺序)这就是昨晚窗户被打坏的那所房子。用关系代词填空:Is there anything that you dont understand about the problem?The worst matter that Im afraid of happened in the end.Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.Th
11、is is the very bookthat I have been looking for.My friend showed me round the town,which was very kind of him.The house whose windows face to the north belongs to him.The manwho/whom/that you met just now is my old friend.考点二关系副词考点二关系副词一、关系副词的作用与意义一、关系副词的作用与意义1.关系副词的作用(1)连接作用:关系副词引导从句,连接主从句。(2)替代作用:
12、关系副词在从句中替代先行词。(3)作成分:关系副词在从句中作状语。2.主要关系副词的意义定语从句中主要的关系副词有when,where,why等。when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。如:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我还记得我第一次来北京的那一天。Can you tell me the office where he work
13、s?(where=in which)你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?二、高考中对关系副词二、高考中对关系副词where的考查的考查高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:They have reached the point where they
14、 have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分开的地步。这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中的where,名词性从句中的where都有这种用法。如:Where will all this trouble lead?这件麻烦事会导致什么后果?That is where you are mistaken.那就是你的错误所在。单项填空:（）Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the
15、 law.A.whereB.whenC.whoD.which（）Is that the small town you often refer to?Right,just the one you know I used to work for years.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whatAC（）I walked in our garden,Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that（）Occasions are quite rare I have the
16、time to spend a day with my kids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.whenCD考点三非限制性定语从句考点三非限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如:He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。He
17、has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。同义句转换:That is his father,and he works in Shanghai.That is his father,who works in Shanghai.I like the boy,who is very lovely.I like the boy,because/for he is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday,and I th
18、ink it is very interesting.He told me a story yesterday,which I think is very interesting.二、非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法二、非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1.关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略;2.who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换;3.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定语从句中。单项填空:()I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,we
19、enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that()Theyve won their last three matches,I find a bit surprising actually.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.which()He was late for the opening ceremony,was very surprising to me.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whatBDB考点四关系代词考点四关系代词as与与which的区别的区别1.其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或
20、表语。如:We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)suchas.the sameas.名词像一样的名词和同样的2.such as.such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中作成分,修饰先行词su
21、ch。如:This book is not such as I expect.这本书不是我想要的。(as在从句中作宾语)3.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。如:The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could ex-pect.结果天气很好,这一点超出了我们的预料。4.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如:As is known to everybody,the mo
22、on travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known to everybody.=It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.众所周知,月球
23、每月绕地球转一圈。后两句属于名词性从句范畴。另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样;as is well-known=as is known to all众所周知;as we have expected正如我们所预料的那样;as often happens正如经常发生的那样;as has been said before正如以前所说的那样;as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。5.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。(1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:He came h
24、ere very late,which was unexpected(not expected).他来得很晚,这是意料之外的。(2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known,be said,be reported,be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。如:She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。(3)当非限制性定语从句中含
25、有复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从句。如:Betty always tells a lie,which her parents find strange.贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得奇怪。1.用关系代词填空She is such a girlas is always finding fault with other people.That student that the teacher thought best played truant(逃学)yesterday,which made the teacher very disappointed.2.单项填空:()The Beatles,
26、many of you are old enough to remember,came from Liverpool.A.whatB.thatC.howD.as()The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and em-ploy more people to keep it running,meant spending tens of thou-sands of pounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.whichDD考点五考点五“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1.当介词放在关系代词
27、的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能省略。如:He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户,这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street,there wasnt a single person,to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以求助的人。2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(
28、指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如:This is the hero we are proud of.这就是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。This is the pen I wrote the letter with.这就是我写信用的那支钢笔。3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如:thatwhowhom()可省略thatwhich()可省略He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房
29、子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。4.“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。如:The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house(that/which)he can live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.=The poor man has no house to live in.那个穷人没房子住。5.where/when=介词+关系代词(which),有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等
30、。如:China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Ko-rea,Thailand and India.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。单项填空:()Franks dream is to have his own garden many beautiful flowers.A.in it to plantB.which plantC.it plantsD.in which to plant()The man pulled out a gold watch,were
31、made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whomB.whom the hands ofC.which the hands ofD.the hands of whichDD一、一、such.as.引导的定语从句与引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别引导的状语从句的区别首先观察下面两个句子:第句中,everyone likes为残缺的句子,缺少宾语,故可判断该句为定语从句;第句中,everyone likes him结构完整,不缺任何成分,故可判断为状语从句。He issucha clever boyaseveryone likes.He i
32、ssucha clever boythateveryone likes him.,他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。他是一个如此聪明的孩子 以至于人人都喜欢他。用as,that填空:Such adviceas he was given proved almost worthless.It was such a boring speechthat I fell asleep.二、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较二、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中
33、作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句中所缺的成分,若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么需用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那么需用关系副词。试比较下面的句子:(1)Do you still remember the days that/which/不填 we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中,定语
34、从句中缺宾语,因此可用关系代词that/which来引导从句,也可省略;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此需用关系副词when来引导从句。用that,when,why,where,which填空:I want to know the datewhen you were born.I have forgotten the datewhich/that you told me.Do you know the reasonwhy he is absent today?That is the reasonwhich/that I want to know.考点内容主语从句主语从句引导词的用法宾语
35、从句宾语从句引导词的用法表语从句表语从句引导词的用法考纲解读考纲解读命题规律趋势探究命题规律趋势探究专题 名词性从句考频分析考频分析核心考点考查内容考查重点名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句高考英语北京卷连续5年均对本专题有考查,设题数量稳定在23题,每题1分,重点考查主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。总体来看,考查名词性从句遵循不偏、不怪、不难的原则。命题趋势命题趋势突破方法突破方法1.找出谓语动词,然后确定从句类型。2.确定从句结构和意义是否完整。如果意义和结构完整,可从that和whether/if中选择。3.如果不完整,确定缺什么成分,根据所作成分和意义,确定用哪个连接代词或连接副词。考点
36、知识全面总结考点知识全面总结考点一主语从句考点一主语从句一、一、that引导的主语从句引导的主语从句1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:it作形式主语时,将主语从句置于句末,以保持句子平衡。主要有以下几种:(1)It+系动词+形容词+that从句。常用于这一句型的形容词有:certain确定的clear清楚的important重要的 likely可能的natural自然的 necessary必要的obvious明显的 strange奇怪的unlikely不可能的 unbelievable难以置信的 amazing令人惊奇的It was not immediately o
37、bvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水对于生命的发展会起关键作用,这一点在当时并不明显。So it was fortunate that we didnt have to carry him.值得庆幸的是他没让我们抬他走。(2)It+系动词+名词(短语)+that从句。常用于这一句型的名词(短语)有:a pity遗憾a shame遗憾good news好消息a fact事实an honor荣耀a wonder奇迹no wonder难怪It is a pity that you didnt go t
38、o the cinema.你没去看电影真是遗憾。Its no wonder that your students made such great progress.难怪你的学生们进步这么大。(3)It+be+过去分词+that从句。常用于这一句型的过去分词主要有:advised建议 announced宣布believed相信considered认为decided决定 heard听说hoped希望 proved证实remembered记得reported报道said据说 suggested建议told告知 well-known熟知For example,it can be proved that
39、 China has more people than any other country in the world.举例来说,中国人口比世界上其他任何国家的人口都多,这是可以得到证实的。Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen,it is now known that many of thesemonsterswhich have at times been sighted are simply strange fish.虽然人们常常对水手们讲的故事付诸一笑,但现在看来,人们有时看到的这些“妖怪”很多不过是些奇怪的鱼
40、。(4)It+特殊动词+that从句。常用于这一句型的特殊动词有:happen碰巧matter重要It happened that she was at the entrance to the cinema then.碰巧的是,她当时就在电影院入口处。2.在口语和非正式文体中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,that一般是不必要的,但that从句位于句首时,连接词that是绝对不能省略的。如:Its a pity(that)youre leaving.你要走,真遗憾。That we are invited to the concert this evening is good new
41、s to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。二、二、whether/if引导的主语从句引导的主语从句当主语从句放于句首时,只能用whether引导不用if;当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时,用whether或if引导均可。但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时,必须用whether。如:Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.(主语从句放于句首)是否要开会仍然是个问题。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主语从句放于句末)他是否要来这里还
42、不确定。三、连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句三、连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句连接代词和连接副词如what,how等引导的主语从句常用it作形式主语。如:It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持会议还没有决定。单项填空:()Exactly the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was pro
43、bably around 1565.A.whetherB.whyC.whenD.how()you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.A.WhenB.HowC.WhatD.That()It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.thatCCD考点二宾语从句考点二宾语从句一、一、that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1.常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动
44、词或动词词组有see,say,know,imag-ine,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider,be sure,be afraid等。在可以接复合宾语的动词之后,如think,make,consider等,可以用it作形式宾语。如:He told me(that)he would go to college the next year.他告诉我他下一年要去上大学。Im sure(that)he will pass the exam.我确信他会通过考试。We consider it necessary that he should improve h
45、is pronunciation.他应当改进他的发音,我们认为这是必要的。2.that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可作except,in的宾语。如:He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.他是个好学生,就是有点粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把课余时间用在了读书上。其他介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语。如:You may depend
46、on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮助你的。二、二、whether/if引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1.在及物动词后()I dont care whether he wont come.(whether从句中不能用否定式)()I dont care whether/if he will come or not.()I dont care whether or not he will come.()I don t care if or not he will come.(if不与or not直接连用)()I don t know whether
47、 to go there.2.在介词后在介词后常用whether,不用 if。如:It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。三、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句三、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句1.能接连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词或动词短语很多,常见的有see,tell,ask,know,decide,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,inform,advise等。如:I can t imagine how he did it.我
48、不能想象他是如何做到的。They couldn t understand why I refused it.他们不明白我为什么拒绝。2.作介词宾语。如:It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。We are worrying about what we should do next.我们正在为下一步该做什么而烦恼。四、宾语从句的语序四、宾语从句的语序在宾语从句中需用陈述句语序。例如:He asked me when we could leave the next day.他问我第二天我们什么时候出发。Did you f
49、ind out where she lost her car?你查出她在哪里丢的车了吗?五、宾语从句的时态五、宾语从句的时态1.主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态,所以宾语从句的时态应根据实际情况而定。例如:She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.她说她从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.她说她会在他的桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)She says(that)she has never been to M
50、ount Emei.她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)2.主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。例如:He said that he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看那个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)He said that they were having a meeting at that time.他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)3.当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时,其时态一般不受主句谓语动词时态的限制,用一般现在时。例如:The teacher told us that nothi
